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Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids > Chapter 3 - Introduction to Urinalysis > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Match the ff scientists with their corresponding discovery/contribution:

  1. Thomas Bryant
  2. Thomas Addis
  3. Ivan Folling
  4. William Wollaston
  5. Hippocrates
A. PKU
B. Book about pisse prophets (charlatans)
C. Cystine calculi
D. Exam of urine sediment
E. Uroscopy; 1st sputum exam
A
  1. B
  2. D
  3. A
  4. C
  5. E
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2
Q

Match the ff scientists with their corresponding discovery/contribution:

  1. Frederik Dekkers
  2. Richard Bright
  3. Ludwig Thudichum
  4. Domenico Cotugno
  5. Archibald Garrod
A. Alkaptonuria
B. CSF
C. Introduced UA as part of doctor’s routine px exam
D. Urochrome
E. Albuminuria by boiling urine
A
  1. E
  2. C
  3. D
  4. B
  5. A
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3
Q

How many percent water is urine?

A

95-97%

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4
Q

Total solids in 24 hours

A

60 g

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5
Q

How much percent are solids in urine composition?

A

3-5%

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6
Q

How much (in grams) are organic and inorganic in urine total solids?

A

35 g organic, 25 g inorganic

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7
Q

Major organic substance in urine

A

Urea

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8
Q

Principal salt in urine

A

NaCl

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9
Q

Major inorganic substance in urine

A

Chloride

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10
Q

After chloride, what is the next abundant inorganic substance in urine?

A

Sodium

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11
Q

After sodium, what is the next most abundant inorganic substance in urine?

A

Potassium

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12
Q

Which specimens are used for quantitative measurements?

A

Timed specimens

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13
Q

What specimen type is described?

At least 2 voided collection, series of blood and urine samples are collected at a specific time intervals to compare conc. of a substance in urine w/ ts conc. in blood

A

Fractional specimen

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14
Q

Fractional spn is used in the diagnosis of?

A

DM

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15
Q

Identify the specimen described:

Use of soft, clear plastic bag w/ adhesive, sterile spn obtained by catheterization/suprapubic aspiration.

A

Pediatric spn

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16
Q

Identify the spn described:

For routine and qualitative UA, not the most ideal

A

Random / occasional / single

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17
Q

Ideal specimen for routine UA

A

First morning

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18
Q

Spn used for addis count

A

12 hour

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19
Q

Spn used for GFR

A

24 hr

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20
Q

Spn used for routine screening and bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean-catch

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21
Q

What spn is described:

Bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture & urine cytology

A

Suprapubic aspiration

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22
Q

What spns are considered sterile? (3)

A

Catheterized, midstream clean-catch, suprapubic aspiration

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23
Q

Best spn for pregnancy test

A

First Morning

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24
Q

First morning spns are the most _____ (acidic or alkaline)

A

Acidic

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25
Q

Most concentrated urine spn

A

First morning

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26
Q

2nd voided urine after a period of fasting for glucose determination

A

Second morning

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27
Q

Spn used for diabetic screening and monitoring

A

2 hour postprandial

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28
Q

urine spn optional with blood samples in glucose tolerance test

A

Glucose tolerance

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29
Q

What are the 2 parameters observed under the microscope for 3 glass collection?

A

Number of WBC and bacteria

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30
Q

regarding three glass collection - The 2nd bottle is used for?

A

Control

31
Q

Describe the 3 glasses of a px with prostatic infection.

A

Glass 1 - few wbc and bacteria
Glass 2 - none
Glass 3 - 10 times greater the amount of wbc and bacteria compared with glass 1

32
Q

Describe the 3 glasses of a px with UTI.

A

All glasses have many wbcs and bacteria

33
Q

Spn used for nitrite determination

A

4 hour

34
Q

Spn used for urobilinogen determination

A

Afternoon (2pm-4pm)

35
Q

Process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of lab results

A

Chain of custody

36
Q

Required urine volume for drug spn

A

30-45 mL

37
Q

Temperature of urine for drug test

A

32.5 to 37.7

38
Q

Added to the toilet water reservoir to prevent specimen adulteration

A

Blueing agent (dye)

39
Q

The four glass method

A

Stamey-Mears test

40
Q

The Stamey-Mears test is a test for?

A

Prostatitis

41
Q

Which glass/es in Stamey-Mears should we test for urinary bladder infection?

A

VB2

42
Q

Which glass/es in Stamey-Mears should we test for urethral infection?

A

VB1

43
Q

Regarding Stamey-Mears, having _______ (how many) WBCs per hpf is considered abnormal indicating prostatitis?

A

More than 10 to 20

44
Q

Which glass/es in Stamey-Mears should we test for prostatitis?

A

VB3 and VB4

45
Q

Following collection, urine specimens should be delivered to the lab promptly and tested within _____.

A

2 hours

46
Q

Which parameters will increase if an unpreserved urine is not processed immediately?

A

”PBaON”

pH, bacteria, odor, nitrite

47
Q

What pigment is increased during prolonged standing of urine causing it to darken

A

Urobilin

48
Q

Will urobilinogen increase or decrease after prolonged urine standing?

A

Decreased

49
Q

After prolonged standing of urine, why do casts, RBCs and WBCs decrease?

A

They disintegrate in dilute alkaline urine

50
Q

When the clarity of urine was decreased due to amorphous material, what can you do to make it clear again?

A

Heat

51
Q

Least affected parameter of a urine tested after prolonged standing.

A

Protein

52
Q

For nitrite determination, besides 4 hour urine what other spn can be used?

A

First morning

53
Q

Preservative of choice for urine culture

A

Refrigeration

54
Q

Preservative that precipitates amorphous phosphates and urates

A

Refrigeration

55
Q

Preservative of choice for addis count

A

Formalin

56
Q

What preservative keeps pH about 6.0, bacteriostatic at 18 g/L; can be used for culture transport?

A

Boric acid

57
Q

Preservative that prevents glycolysis, good preservative for drug analysis

A

Sodium fluoride

58
Q

Preservative of gray C & S tube

A

Boric acid

59
Q

What preservative does not interfere with routine tests, causes odor change and 1 drop or ounce of specimen is used?

A

Phenol

60
Q

For sodium fluoride, _____ may be used instead of fluoride for reagent strip testing

A

Benzoate

61
Q

What preservative is described:

Sample stable at room temperature for 48 hrs, it preserves bacteria, decreases pH, and is not used if urine is below minimum fill line.

A

Gray C & S tube

62
Q

Excellent sediment preservative

A

Formalin

63
Q

Preserves glucose & sediments well, interferes with acid precipitation test for protein

A

Thymol

64
Q

What preservative: Convenient when ref is not possible; have controlled concentration concentration to minimize interference; may contain one or more of the preservatives including sodium fluoride

A

Commercial preservative tablets

65
Q

Preserves cellular elements; Preservative used for cytology studies (urine cytology)

A

Saccomanno fixative

66
Q

What preservative: does not interfere with routine tests, floats on urine surface, clings to pipettes & testing materials

A

Toluene

67
Q

What preservative: use on automated instruments; must refrigerate within 2 hrs

A

Yellow plain UA tube

68
Q

What preservative: stable for 72 hours at room temp; instrument compatible; preservative is sodium propionate

A

Cherry red / yellow top tube

69
Q

preservative of choice for routine UA

A

Refrigeration

70
Q

True or false: refrigeration is the ideal urine preservative

A

False. Ideal urine preservative does not exist

71
Q

Addition of urine before the start of 24-hour collection period causes false ____ (increased / decreased) results.

A

Increased

72
Q

Failure to include urine at the end of 24-hour urine collection period causes false ____ (increased / decreased) results.

A

Decreased

73
Q

When both routine UA and culture are requested, what should be performed first?

A

Culture

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (18 decks)

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