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Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids > Chapter 4 - Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Normal range for urine volume (24 hours)

A

600-2000 mL

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2
Q

Average normal range for urine volume (24 hours)

A

1200 - 1500 mL

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3
Q

Night urine output (volume)

A

<400 mL

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4
Q

Day:night ratio of normal urine volume

A

2-3:1

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5
Q

Container capacity for UA

A

50 mL

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6
Q

Required volume of a urine specimen for routine UA

A

10-15 mL (avg of 12 mL)

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7
Q

Causes of polyuria

A

DM, DI, diuretics, nervousness, increased fluid intake

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8
Q

How to diff DI from DM

A

SG

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9
Q

What is the SG for DI? (Inc or dec)

A

Dec

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10
Q

expected SG for DM px (inc or dec)

A

Inc

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11
Q

Urine volume considered as polyuria

A

> 2000 mL / 24 hrs

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12
Q

Decreased urine volume

A

Oliguria

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13
Q

Urine vol considered as oliguria

A

<500 mL/day (Henry’s)

<400 mL/day (Strasinger)

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14
Q

Complete cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

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15
Q

Nocturia is defined as excretion of _____ (urine volume) at night

A

More than 500 mL

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16
Q

Cause of nocturia

A

Pregnancy

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17
Q

Oliguria or anuria: renal diseases

A

Oliguria

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18
Q

Oliguria or anuria: toxic agents

A

Anuria

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19
Q

Oliguria or anuria: decreased renal blood flow

A

Anuria

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20
Q

Oliguria or anuria: dehydration

A

Oliguria

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21
Q

Oliguria or anuria: renal calculi or tumor

A

Oliguria

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22
Q

Oliguria or anuria: complete obstruction of stones / tumors

A

Anuria

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23
Q

Rough indicator of the degree of hydration

A

Urine color

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24
Q

Normal urine color

A

Colorless to deep yellow

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25
Q

Most common abnormal urine color

A

Red / red brown

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26
Q

Urine color should correlate with what parameter

A

Urine SG

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27
Q

How do you examine urine color?

A

Look down through the container against a white background

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28
Q

Color and SG expected for the urines of persons with low fluid intake

A

Dark yellow, high urine SG

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29
Q

Color and SG expected for the urines of persons with high fluid intake

A

Pale yellow, low urine SG

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30
Q

Urine pigment that is color pink and may deposit in amorphous urates and uric acid crystals

A

Uroerythrin

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31
Q

Pigment in urine that imparts an orange brown color to a urine that is not fresh

A

Urobilin

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32
Q

Color of urobilin

A

Dark yellow / orange

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33
Q

Major pigment of urine

A

Urochrome

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34
Q

Color of urochrome

A

Yellow

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35
Q

Urochrome is _____ (increased or decreased) during fever, starvation and thyrotoxicosis

A

Increased

36
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: carotene

A

Dark yellow

37
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: Bilirubin

A

Orange

38
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: biliverdin

A

Yellow green / yellow-brown

39
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: Pseudomonas infection

A

Green

40
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: Indican

A

Blue-green

41
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: phenol

A

Blue-green

42
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: hematuria

A

Pink / red

43
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: porphyrins

A

Portwine, burgundy, purplish red

44
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: methemoglobin (acidic urine)

A

Brown, black

45
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: phenazopyridine (pyridium)

A

Orange

46
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: homogentisic acid (alkaline urine)

A

Brown, black

47
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: fever

A

Amber

48
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: first morning specimen

A

Dark yellow

49
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: polyuria

A

Pale yellow

50
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: recent fluid comsumption

A

Colorless

51
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: Dilute random specimen

A

Pale yellow

52
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: strenuous exercise

A

Dark yellow

53
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: burns

A

Amber

54
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: dehydration

A

Amber

55
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: rifampin

A

Pink / red

56
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: beets

A

Pink / red

57
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: methyldopa / Levodopa

A

Brown, black, cola-colored

58
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: Myoglobin

A

Pink / red

59
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: melanin (upon air exposure)

A

Brown, black

60
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: chlorophyll

A

Blue-green

61
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: amitriptyline

A

Blue-green

62
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: nitrofurantoin

A

Orange

63
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: menstrual contam

A

Pink, red

64
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: methylene blue

A

Blue-green

65
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: metronidazole (Flagyl)

A

Brown, black

66
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: hemoglobinuria

A

Pink / red

67
Q

Lab correlations of urine color: oxidized bilirubin

A

Yellow-green / yellow-brown

68
Q

Tea-colored urine is associated with the presence of?

A

Bilirubin

69
Q

Presence of yellow foam in the urine suggests?

A

Bilirubin

70
Q

Urine color changes with commonly used drugs: levodopa (Tx: Parkinsonism)

A

Cola-colored (red then brown, alkaline)

71
Q

Urine color changes with commonly used drugs: mepacrine [atabrine] (antimalarial, Tx: Giardiasis)

A

Yellow

72
Q

Urine color changes with commonly used drugs: methyldopa [aldomet] (antihypertensive drug)

A

Green-brown

73
Q

Urine color changes with commonly used drugs: Metronidazole (Flagyl) (Tx: Trichomoniasis)

A

Darkening, red-brown

74
Q

Urine color changes with commonly used drugs: phenazopyridine [pyridium] (Tx: UTI)

A

Orange-red, acid pH

75
Q

Urine color changes with commonly used drugs: riboflavin [multivitamins]

A

Bright yellow

76
Q

Urine color changes with commonly used drugs: rifampin (Tx: TB)

A

Bright orange-red

77
Q

How should you observe the transparency or clarity of urine?

A

Thoroughly mix spn, examine under light source, view through a newspaper print

78
Q

Grade the urine clarity: few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

79
Q

Grade the urine clarity: many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

80
Q

Grade the urine clarity: may precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

81
Q

Grade the urine clarity: print cannot be seen through the urine

A

Turbid

82
Q

Grade the urine clarity: no visible particulates, transparent

A

Clear

83
Q

Identify the following causes of urine turbidity whether they are pathologic or nonpathologic

  1. RBCs
  2. Amorphous urates
  3. Fecal contam
  4. Lymph fluid (chyluria)
  5. Lipids
  6. Bacteria
  7. Squamous epithelial cells
A
  1. Patho
  2. Nonpatho
  3. Nonpatho
  4. Patho
  5. Patho
  6. Patho
  7. Nonpatho
84
Q 
Lab correlations in urine turbidity: 
(Matching type) (may have multiple answers)
1. Amorphous urates
2. Amorphous phosphates
3. Carbonates
4. RBCs
5. Uric acid crystals
6. Radiographic contrast media
7. Lipids
8. Spermatozoa
9. Lymphatic fluid
10. WBCs
11. Bacteria
12. Yeast
13. Chyle

a. Acidic urine
b. Akaline urine
c. Soluble in ether
d. Soluble with heat
e. Soluble in dilute acetic acid
f. Insoluble in dilute acetic acid

A
  1. A, D
  2. B, E
  3. B, E
  4. E
  5. A, D
  6. A
  7. C
  8. F
  9. C
  10. F
  11. F
  12. F
  13. C
85
Q

Determine the associated odor:

  1. Normal
  2. Acute tubular necrosis
  3. PKU
  4. DM
  5. UTI
  6. Tyrosinemia
  7. Cystine disorder
  8. Trimethylaminuria
  9. Ingestion of asparagus
  10. Methylmercaptan
A
  1. Aromatic
  2. Odorless
  3. Mousy / musty
  4. Fruity
  5. Foul / ammoniacal
  6. Rancid butter
  7. Sulfur
  8. Rotting fish
  9. Pungent
  10. Pungent
86
Q

Determine the associated odor:

  1. Ketones
  2. Vomiting
  3. MSUD
  4. Glutaric acidemia
  5. Oasthouse syndrome
  6. Hawkinsuria
  7. Methionine malabsorption
  8. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria
  9. Multiple carboxylase deficiency
  10. Ingestion of onions and garlic
A
  1. Fruity, sweet
  2. Fruity, sweet
  3. Caramelized sugar, curry, maple syrup
  4. Sweaty feet, acrid
  5. Cabbage, hops
  6. Swimming pool
  7. Cabbage, hops
  8. Cat urine
  9. Tomcat urine
  10. Pungent

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (18 decks)

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