Chapter 5 - Athabasca Quizz Flashcards
The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect
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is more likely when items have been in memory for a long time.
is more likely when tested by recognition, rather than recall.
works only for negative or neutral events.
works best when testing physical context, rather than mental context.
is more likely when items have been in memory for a long time
According to the research on the own-ethnicity bias,
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people are always more accurate in recognizing individuals from their own ethnic group than from another ethnic group.
the own ethnicity bias may be reduced if people have frequent contact with people from other ethnic groups.
people actually recognize individuals better if they are from a different ethnic group.
here is currently little evidence for this kind of bias.
the own ethnicity bias may be reduced if people have frequent contact with people from other ethnic groups.
According to the research on implicit memory and explicit memory,
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people with amnesia typically perform better on explicit memory tasks than on implicit memory tasks.
when the tests are conducted properly, most people with normal memory reveal very little implicit memory.
on implicit memory tasks, people recall much more when they have used deep levels of processing, rather than shallow levels.
psychologists sometimes discover a dissociation; for example, a variable may have a large effect on an explicit task, but a small effect on an implicit task.
Psychologists sometimes discover a dissociation; for example, a variable may have a large effect on an explicit task, but a small effect on an implicit task.
Chapter 5 discussed the relationship between the violence of a TV program and people’s recall of commercials shown during that program. According to this research, people recall a commercial more accurately
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when the program is extremely violent.
when the program is moderately violent.
when the program is nonviolent.
when the visual component of the program is nonviolent but the auditory component is moderately violent.
when the program is nonviolent.
Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?
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Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories.
Information gathered prior to an event may somehow bias the way you perceive the event.
More vivid information will be recalled more accurately than less vivid information.
Eyewitnesses are less confident than they should be.
Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories.
Suppose that you are trying to recall a friend’s phone number, so you repeat it over and over to yourself without analyzing it or giving it meaning. According to the levels-of-processing approach, this activity would be categorized as
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shallow processing.
working-memory processing.
deep processing.
the self-reference effect.
shallow processing.
Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?
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Before dinner tonight, I must go to the fitness centre.
I recall the first time I ever thought about becoming a psychology major.
I remember seeing the word consciousness in the third chapter of this textbook.
I know that cabbage tastes bitter.
I know that cabbage tastes bitter.
When people estimate their confidence while providing eyewitness testimony,
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they are typically more correct than they estimate themselves to be.
they are almost as confident about their incorrect memories as they are about their correct memories.
their confidence about their eyewitness testimony is strongly correlated with the accuracy of the testimony.
their confidence is reduced because of the constructivist effect.
they are almost as confident about their incorrect memories as they are about their correct memories.
Stephanie is trying to decide whether she told Sid that the history test had been postponed—or whether she had only imagined telling him this. Stephanie is currently engaging in
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flashbulb memory.
an implicit memory task.
reality monitoring.
a dissociation.
reality monitoring.
Foley and her colleagues (1999) proposed that the research on self-reference may actually underestimate the magnitude of the self-reference effect. They reached this conclusion because
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participants typically process items at a shallow level of processing, even when they are instructed to use deep processing.
the meta-analysis of the data on the self-reference effect demonstrates that this technique is not especially helpful.
participants cannot really relate items to their own lives.
the participants reported that they had often used self-reference processing, even when they had received other instructions.
the participants reported that they had often used self-reference processing, even when they had received other instructions
According to the introduction to Chapter 9,
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the speaking vocabulary of the average North American is between 10,000 and 12,000 words.
it would take about 2,000 times the age of the Earth to say all the potential 20-word English sentences that could be generated.
whereas memory is an active process, language comprehension is primarily passive.
the term syntax refers to the sound of spoken language.
it would take about 2,000 times the age of the Earth to say all the potential 20-word English sentences that could be generated.
Chapter 9 discusses a study by Luo and his colleagues (1998), in which people made semantic judgements about two-word sequences, such as APPLE-PAIR. If the participants in this study judged that these two words were indeed semantically related, the results would support which of the following hypotheses about reading?
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the direct-access route
the indirect-access route
the modular hypothesis
the cognitive-functional hypothesis
Indirect-access route
According to the discussion of neurolinguistics,
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for most people—but not all—language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere of the brain.
for most people—but not all—language is primarily localized in the right hemisphere of the brain.
for most right-handers, language is localized in the right hemisphere of the brain.
for most people, language is processed almost identically by both hemispheres.
for most people—but not all—language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere of the brain.
In the sentence, “Chris called up the psychology professor,” what is the surface structure?
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“Chris called professor.”
“The psychology professor was called up by Chris.”
“Chris called up the psychology professor.”
“Chris (subject) called up (verb) the psychology professor (object).”
“Chris called up the psychology professor.”
The field of study that examines how language is used to communicate ideas is known as
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linguistics.
semantics.
psycholinguistics.
pragmatics.
psycholinguistics.
Suppose that you are walking on your college campus, and a stranger asks you how to get to the library. Before answering, you need to figure out whether this person is familiar with any of the landmarks on the campus. Your concern about background information is most relevant for the aspect of language known as
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phonemes.
semantics.
syntax.
pragmatics.
pragmatics.
If you use the direct-access route while reading,
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you can recognize a word directly from its component sounds.
you directly access easy words through the visual route; you directly access difficult words through the auditory route.
your teacher probably emphasized how a word is pronounced.
you can recognize a word based on the visual stimulus of the letters in a word.
you can recognize a word based on the visual stimulus of the letters in a word.
Research on word recognition suggests that
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word recognition can use either a direct or an indirect route, depending upon factors such as the skill level of the reader.
good readers consistently translate written words into sound prior to recognition; poor readers consistently use the direct route when reading printed words.
written words must always be translated into sound prior to recognition - theorists agree on this particular principle.
readers need to translate ambiguous words into sound; they recognize other words directly.
word recognition can use either a direct or an indirect route, depending upon factors such as the skill level of the reader.
Chapter 9 discussed the self-paced reading task. This task allows researchers to
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to measure eye movements.
sentence comprehension
the amount of time participants look at each word in a sentence.
the pacing style of different readers.
the amount of time participants look at each word in a sentence.
A key point in Noam Chomsky’s approach to psycholinguistics is an emphasis on
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how children learn language by operant conditioning.
how each language in the world has its own unique set of rules about syntax.
how humans have language skills that are inborn.
how language is closely connected with other cognitive skills.
how humans have language skills that are inborn.
