Chapter 3 - Athabasca Quizz

Question 1

The neuroscience research on the executive attention network shows that this system
Question options:

primarily activates the prefrontal part of the cortex.

is fairly well developed in infants.

helps you search an area for a specific target.

helps you notice a new stimulus.

Answer 1

primarily activates the prefrontal part of the cortex.

Question 2

According to Anne Treisman’s feature-integration theory,
Question options:

distributed attention uses parallel search through the visual field.

people first focus selective attention on important parts of the stimulus.

focused attention is a relatively low-level kind of attention; people can quickly perform two focused-attention tasks simultaneously.

people use focused attention for vision, and they use distributed attention for hearing.

Answer 2

distributed attention uses parallel search through the visual field.

Question 3

Suppose that you are searching a list of college I.D. numbers to determine what grade you received on an exam. The system in your brain that is most involved in this search is the
Question options:

cerebral blood flow system.

executive attention network.

frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

orienting attention network.

Answer 3

orienting attention network.

Question 4

You need saccadic eye movements when you are reading this sentence in order to
Question options:

focus on the consonants, rather than the vowels.

increase the size of your perceptual span.

decrease the number of fixations necessary for accurate reading.

move your eye so that the next words are registered in the fovea.

Answer 4

move your eye so that the next words are registered in the fovea.

Question 5

Suppose that a woman has an injured visual cortex as the result of an accident. She says that she cannot see a light that is presented on her left side; however, she accurately points to the light’s location. She is demonstrating
Question options:

change blindness.

the ironic effects of mental control.

selective attention.

blindsight.

Answer 5

blindsight.

Question 6

An illusory conjunction occurs when
Question options:

people pay selective attention to unusual features and ignore ordinary, common features.

people are not able to use focused attention.

people use bottom-up processing.

people use templates during object recognition.

Answer 6

people are not able to use focused attention.

Question 7

Suppose that you are sitting in a classroom, trying to follow your professor’s lecture while also trying to ignore a loud conversation out in the hallway. This situation most closely resembles
Question options:

parallel processing.

holistic processing.

a divided-attention task.

a dichotic listening task.

Answer 7

a dichotic listening task.

Question 8

Nisbett and Wilson examined people’s consciousness about their higher mental processes. According to their research,
Question options:

we can usually provide valid introspections about conscious processes.

it is impossible to have access to our thought processes.

we are often unable to introspect accurately about our thought processes.

we can introspect accurately about memory and higher mental processes, but not about perception.

Answer 8

we are often unable to introspect accurately about our thought processes.

Question 9

According to your textbook’s introduction to Chapter 3, attention
Question options:

relies exclusively on bottom-up processing.

uses both top-down and bottom-up processing.

is a time-consuming but highly accurate cognitive process.

is a quick process that is highly inaccurate.

Answer 9

uses both top-down and bottom-up processing.

Question 10

Suppose that Susan is taking the Stroop test, and the first item shows the word “red” printed in blue ink. According to your textbook, one reason that she will have trouble reporting the ink colour (blue) for this item is that
Question options:

she has had more experience in reading words than in identifying ink colours.

colours have more emotional meaning than words.

colourful arrangements of visual stimuli can actually facilitate an adult’s reading ability.

the left eye processes word meaning, and the right eye processes the colour of a stimulus.

Answer 10

she has had more experience in reading words than in identifying ink colours.

Question 11

According to the chapter on working memory, what was nontraditional about George Miller’s article on the “magical number seven”?
Question options:

Research in a wide variety of cross-cultural settings continues to confirm that working memory is limited to seven items.

Researchers had previously thought that the capacity of visual memory had no strict limits.

Miller’s research helped to persuade psychologists that the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory was inadequate.

Miller’s article emphasized active mental processes, rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response.

Answer 11

Miller’s article emphasized active mental processes, rather than simply focusing on the stimulus and the response.

Question 12

Your textbook discusses research about the relationship between depression and performance on tasks involving the phonological loop. This research showed that
Question options:

people with depression performed significantly worse than people without depression.

people with depression actually performed significantly better than people without depression.

there was no difference in the performance of the two groups, once the researchers corrected for the fact that the depressed group had lower vocabulary skills.

people with depression tended to transform the stimuli into visual patterns that activated the visuospatial sketchpad.

Answer 12

people with depression performed significantly worse than people without depression.

Question 13

Which of the following students provides the best overview of the current status of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
Question options:

Flora: “It lost popularity after Miller’s article on the ‘magical number seven’ failed to support the concept of short-term memory.”

Nicola: “This model continues to be important because recent research clearly supports the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory.”

Bruce: “The research has not clearly demonstrated that short-term memory is different from long-term memory.”

Miguel: “The model now plays a major role in the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach.”

Answer 13

Bruce: “The research has not clearly demonstrated that short-term memory is different from long-term memory.”

Question 14

Suppose that your professor makes a graph that shows the relationship between the order in which a topic was covered in the course and the class’s accuracy on test items for that topic. This graph would be called a
Question options:

serial position curve.

free recall curve.

memory span curve.

Brown/Peterson & Peterson curve.

Answer 14

serial position curve.

Question 15

A friend has just told you his cell phone number, and you repeat it to yourself several times as you search for a pen to record it. The technique you are using to remember the number is called
Question options:

rehearsal.

the serial position effect.

release from proactive interference.

the working-memory approach.

Answer 15

rehearsal.

Question 16

According to the neuroscience research on the phonological loop,
Question options:

studies using the single-cell recording technique in humans have located the phonological loop in the auditory cortex.

the temporal lobe and frontal lobe in the left hemisphere are activated by auditory tasks.

the right hemisphere and the frontal lobe are activated by auditory tasks.

no systematic activation patterns have yet been discovered.

Answer 16

the temporal lobe and frontal lobe in the left hemisphere are activated by auditory tasks

Question 17

You will have difficulty reading your textbook if you are simultaneously singing the words to your favourite song. How would Alan Baddeley explain this phenomenon?
Question options:

The words from the textbook and the words from the song will interfere with each other in the phonological loop.

The visuospatial sketchpad is overcrowded because both of these tasks have a strong visual component.

The central executive cannot handle two verbal tasks at the same time.

The singing prevents the words in your textbook from passing directly from semantic memory into long-term memory.

Answer 17

The words from the textbook and the words from the song will interfere with each other in the phonological loop.

Question 18

Imagine that you are trying to remember a reservation code that someone told you a minute ago. The number was 5834DM, but you remember it as 5834BN. This kind of error is called
Question options:

subvocalization.

an episodic buffer.

an acoustic confusion.

release from proactive interference.

Answer 18

an acoustic confusion.

Question 19

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic theory,
Question options:

short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different.

items stored in short-term memory are fairly permanent.

rehearsal is necessary in order to move material from sensory memory to short-term memory.

there are no strict limits to the capacity of short-term memory.

Answer 19

short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different.

Question 20

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is
Question options:

the episodic buffer.

the central executive.

the visuospatial sketchpad.

the phonological loop.

Answer 20

the central executive.

Question 21

According to the research on flashbulb memories,
Question options:

researchers agree that flashbulb memories are indeed more accurate than memories for other important events.

people claim that they have accurate memories for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain inaccuracies.

flashbulb memories are accurate only for unpleasant memories, rather than for pleasant ones.

during the current era, no researcher has demonstrated more accurate recall for these significant life events.

Answer 21

people claim that they have accurate memories for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain inaccuracies.

Question 22

A person with anterograde amnesia
Question options:

has difficulty forming memories of things that happened after the brain damage.

has difficulty on implicit memory tasks, rather than explicit memory tasks.

has relatively weak long-term memory, compared to working memory.

is likely to retain expertise in one specific area of knowledge.

Answer 22

has difficulty forming memories of things that happened after the brain damage

Question 23

Which of the following statement is the most accurate summary of the research on autobiographical memory?
Question options:

Most memory errors concern relatively trivial information, rather than central, important information.

In autobiographical memory, implicit memory is much more accurate than explicit memory.

Our autobiographical memory tends to be highly accurate, even for minor details.

Each time we receive new information about a life event, it is stored together with a “marker” that indicates when this new information was added.

Answer 23

Most memory errors concern relatively trivial information, rather than central, important information.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is an example of episodic memory?
Question options:

Trees often lose their leaves in the fall.

I know how to record a program from PBS.

The word semantic is related to the word meaning.

I remember reading the book Sense and Sensibility in twelfth grade.

Answer 24

I remember reading the book Sense and Sensibility in twelfth grade.

Question 25

Suppose that you are on the top floor of a library, and you suddenly think about some information you need on the main floor. You return to the main floor and find that you can’t recall what you needed. After returning to the top floor, you recall instantly. This is an example of
Question options:

a deep level of processing.

the encoding-specificity principle.

meta-analysis.

semantic memory.

Answer 25

the encoding-specificity principle.

Question 26

In general, what is the relationship between emotional tone and recall accuracy in long-term memory?
Question options:

Emotional tone has little influence on recall in long-term memory, although it does influence working memory.

Recall is generally most accurate for mildly unpleasant items.

Recall is generally most accurate for neutral items.

Recall is generally most accurate for pleasant items.

Answer 26

Recall is generally most accurate for pleasant items.

Question 27

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance’s name, Chris Money, you think about the meaning of the name Money, including both coins and dollar bills, and the importance of money in our culture. The kind of processing you would be using is called
Question options:

serial processing.

automatic processing.

sensory memory.

elaboration.

Answer 27

elaboration.

Question 28

What is one explanation that Craik and his colleagues propose for why a deep level of processing leads to greater recall?
Question options:

At a deep level, you recognize the patterns more efficiently.

Deep levels make the stimulus different from other memory traces in the system; it’s more distinctive.

Deep levels place more emphasis on the vivid physical characteristics of the material.

Encoding specificity is more likely to occur.

Answer 28

Deep levels make the stimulus different from other memory traces in the system; it’s more distinctive.

Question 29

According to the research on implicit memory and explicit memory,
Question options:

people with amnesia typically perform better on explicit memory tasks than on implicit memory tasks.

when the tests are conducted properly, most people with normal memory reveal very little implicit memory.

on implicit memory tasks, people recall much more when they have used deep levels of processing, rather than shallow levels.

psychologists sometimes discover a dissociation; for example, a variable may have a large effect on an explicit task, but a small effect on an implicit task.

Answer 29

psychologists sometimes discover a dissociation; for example, a variable may have a large effect on an explicit task, but a small effect on an implicit task.

Question 30

Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?
Question options:

Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories.

Information gathered prior to an event may somehow bias the way you perceive the event.

More vivid information will be recalled more accurately than less vivid information.

Eyewitnesses are less confident than they should be.

Answer 30

Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories.

Question 31

In which of the following conditions is your metamemory accuracy likely to be the highest?
Question options:

when material is difficult, rather than easy

when the material is concerned with nonsense words, rather than English phrases

when learning has been incidental, rather than intentional

when you wait several minutes before judging whether you’ll remember the material

Answer 31

when you wait several minutes before judging whether you’ll remember the material

Question 32

According to the principle of memory called the total-time hypothesis,
Question options:

your score on a memory task is related to the amount of time you spend learning the material.

the total time you spend learning the material is such an important factor that it overshadows the combined impact of all the other memory strategies.

your score on a memory task is positively correlated with the total time you spend strengthening your brain using general memory-building exercises.

the total time spent studying will typically decrease in a linear fashion for each repetition of the list.

Answer 32

your score on a memory task is related to the amount of time you spend learning the material.

Question 33

Chapter 6 discussed college students’ metamemory about factors affecting memory accuracy. According to this discussion,
Question options:

students with ADHD consistently overestimate their memory accuracy, compared to students without ADHD.

students are extremely accurate in predicting how many hours they should study in order to get a good score on an exam.

students usually believe that simple rehearsal is an effective way to study for an exam.

students are aware that the research shows that you remember words better if they are printed in a large font size, rather than a small font size.

Answer 33

students usually believe that simple rehearsal is an effective way to study for an exam.

Question 34

As you read this question, you may be asking yourself whether you understand it. If so, you are engaging in
Question options:

meta-analysis.

metamemory.

metacomprehension.

source monitoring.

Answer 34

metacomprehension.

Question 35

Prospective memory errors are especially likely to occur when you are simultaneously
Question options:

performing a task automatically in a familiar setting.

performing a task effortfully in a familiar setting.

performing a task automatically in an unfamiliar setting.

performing a task effortfully in an unfamiliar setting.

Answer 35

performing a task automatically in a familiar setting.

Question 36

According to Alan Baddeley’s approach to working memory, the central executive plays a role when students are studying for an exam
Question options:

because it is important in source-monitoring tasks.

because it helps individuals who have ADHD, so that they can actually suppress competing answers.

because it helps people plan how they will divide their time during studying.

because it strengthens and expands the limits of the phonological loop.

Answer 36

because it helps people plan how they will divide their time during studying

Question 37

The research on practice and memory improvement demonstrates that
Question options:

for most people, one exposure to the material is sufficient unless that material is extremely difficult.

several reviews of the same material—without taking breaks in between—is especially effective.

in general, we have little evidence for the total time hypothesis.

learning is more effective if learning trials are spread out over time, rather than if you study without a break.

Answer 37

learning is more effective if learning trials are spread out over time, rather than if you study without a break.

Question 38

Suppose that you have just learned that you will have a quiz in about 30 minutes on a set of fairly difficult short essays that you haven’t even glanced at. If you are like the students described in the discussion on regulating study strategies, you would
Question options:

select the most difficult essays to read first.

select the easiest essays to read first.

select easier essays to read first if you are an expert, but select more difficult essays to read first if you are a novice.

show no systematic pattern in reading the essays.

Answer 38

select the easiest essays to read first.

Question 39

According to the discussion of metacomprehension,
Question options:

college students do not need special training in this area because their metacomprehension is reasonably accurate.

metacomprehension accuracy is correlated with reading comprehension.

good readers and poor readers do not differ in their awareness of reading strategies.

metacomprehension is basically the same as meta-analysis.

Answer 39

metacomprehension accuracy is correlated with reading comprehension.

Question 40

Suppose that a friend is having difficulty in introductory psychology, and you decide to give her some memory tips. If you decide to emphasize metamemory, you would be likely to
Question options:

make her think more about the factors that influence her memory.

emphasize that, in the ideal situation, memory is schematic.

inform her that the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is more a myth than a reality.

emphasize shallow processing for working memory and deep processing for long-term memory.

Answer 40

make her think more about the factors that influence her memory.

Question 41

The chapter on working memory discussed several studies about individual differences in working memory. Which of the following students provides the best information about how working memory is related to academic skills?
Question options:

Samantha: “People who have an unusually large capacity in their episodic buffer are likely to earn poor grades in school.”

Aroona: “People who are especially skilled in a task that uses the central executive are likely to score high in reading comprehension.”

Sanjay: “The research failed to support Baddeley’s model: most academic tasks require the equal participation of all four components of working memory.”

James: “The research failed to support Baddeley’s model: there is no relationship between central-executive skills and a wide variety of other measures that should be related to the central executive and a wide variety of academic skills.”

Answer 41

Aroona: “People who are especially skilled in a task that uses the central executive are likely to score high in reading comprehension.”

Question 42

Solange is trying to recall her friend’s new zip code, which is 14454. She remembers it by saying, “My birthday is September 14th, my father is 45 years old, and my nephew is 4 years old.” Apparently, Solange
Question options:

has arranged her friend’s zip code so that it can best be stored in the phonological loop.

has arranged her friend’s zip code so that it can best be stored in the visuospatial sketchpad.

has created chunks out of the zip code.

is trying to avoid acoustic confusions.

Answer 42

has created chunks out of the zip code.

Question 43

In a study on working memory, one group of participants repeated a sound, thereby blocking acoustic coding for other material. This research showed that
Question options:

working memory disappeared completely.

when acoustic coding was blocked, people often used visual coding.

acoustic coding was even more likely in long-term memory than in working memory.

semantic coding was the dominant mode in working memory, whereas acoustic coding was more likely in long-term memory.

Answer 43

when acoustic coding was blocked, people often used visual coding.

Question 44

Baddeley’s model of working memory points out that
Question options:

the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad is limited.

the limits of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad depend upon one another; if one process is active, the other cannot handle new material.

all material must pass from the phonological loop into the visuospatial sketchpad.

the phonological loop simply stores material, whereas the visuospatial sketchpad actively reinterprets that information.

Answer 44

the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad is limited.

Question 45

According to your text, applications of working memory research have been extended to all of the following except
Question options:

schizophrenia

ADHD

depression

general anxiety

Answer 45

schizophrenia

Question 46

The word most closely related to Alan Baddeley model of working memory is
Question options:

mixmaster.

winerack.

storehouse

workbench

Answer 46

workbench

Question 47

According to the research about factors that affect the capacity of working memory,
Question options:

the fact that people tend to substitute acoustically similar items during recall illustrates that acoustic factors are more important than semantic factors.

there is no evidence for the influence of semantic information on working memory.

the studies on release from proactive interference demonstrate that semantic factors can influence working memory.

many studies have demonstrated that the information in working memory does not have acoustic properties.

Answer 47

the studies on release from proactive interference demonstrate that semantic factors can influence working memory.

Question 48

In the discussion of working memory, why did Teasdale and his colleagues (1995) conclude that daydreaming is processed by the central executive?
Question options:

People daydreamed more creatively when they were instructed to use their central executive.

People typically used their sensory receptors for this task, so the central executive was automatically activated.

People could generate a sequence of random numbers more successfully if they were not daydreaming.

People reported that they could not daydream in vivid detail if they were simultaneously engaged in another task that required the central executive.

Answer 48

People could generate a sequence of random numbers more successfully if they were not daydreaming

Question 49

According to the discussion of working memory, the phonological loop
Question options:

is useful when you learn a foreign language.

primarily activates the right hemisphere of the brain.

primarily receives information from the episodic buffer.

has a large capacity when you are learning new vocabulary words.

Answer 49

is useful when you learn a foreign language

Question 50

According to the Baddeley’s revised model of working memory, one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to
Question options:

store musical information (such as pitch and tones) for brief periods of time.

manage the decisions that are too complicated for the central executive.

coordinate the meaning and the visual appearance of written text.

provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.

Answer 50

provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.

Question 51

Expertise is helpful in remembering material because experts
Question options:

tend to inhibit the development of mental images that can interfere with learning.

are likely to reorganize the material that they must recall.

use rote rehearsal more frequently than novices do.

are less likely to “overlearn” material than novices do.

Answer 51

are likely to reorganize the material that they must recall.

Question 52

Suppose that Peter is an expert in gymnastics. You would expect to find that
Question options:

he is also an expert in several other unrelated areas.

he actually has less vivid imagery about gymnastics than a nonexpert would have.

he has an IQ that is in the gifted range.

he practices gymnastics very conscientiously, typically at least an hour every day.

Answer 52

he practices gymnastics very conscientiously, typically at least an hour every day.

Question 53

Imagine that you have to turn the clocks ahead for daylight saving time. You manage to recall the rather complex system by which you can advance the clock in your car. This skill is an example of your
Question options:

working memory.

semantic memory.

episodic memory.

procedural memory.

Answer 53

procedural memory.

Question 54

Which of the following statements would be most consistent with the constructivist approach to memory?
Question options:

“We often reconstruct the specific details of an event, and we fail to see its similarity to other, similar events in our life.”

“Our memory for an event sometimes changes over time, depending on our current beliefs.”

“Memory resembles a blank slate, on which the events of our life are recorded; the marks on that slate that are most permanent will be the ones that endure in our memory.”

“The constructivist approach is especially useful when people want to increase the accuracy of their memory.”

Answer 54

“Our memory for an event sometimes changes over time, depending on our current beliefs

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of mood congruence?
Question options:

If you are in a miserable mood, you find that you remember unpleasant material better than pleasant material.

You find that you remember pleasant experiences from your childhood better than unpleasant experiences.

If you are in a miserable mood, you find that your memory is best for material you learned when you were in a miserable mood last week.

You find that you remember pairs of words better if the two words match each other in mood; that is, if they are congruent in mood.

Answer 55

If you are in a miserable mood, you find that you remember unpleasant material better than pleasant material

Question 56

Which of the following students’ statements is the best summary of the consistency bias?
Question options:

Victor: “We are highly accurate in remembering events that happened to us personally.”

Kyoko: “According to the consistency bias, we are consistently biased toward memories that enhance our self-esteem.”

Harlan: “We often tend to adjust our memories in order to be consistent with the shared recall of friends and family members.”

Nimian: “We sometimes exaggerate the extent to which our past ideas are consistent with our present ideas.”

Answer 56

Nimian: “We sometimes exaggerate the extent to which our past ideas are consistent with our present ideas.”

Question 57

Chapter 5 discussed research about anxiety disorders and memory accuracy for words related to anxiety. According to this research,
Question options:

no matter how memory is measured, there are no significant differences between low-anxious and high-anxious people, with respect to memory for words related to anxiety.

high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly when memory is measured in terms of implicit memory.

high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly when memory is measured on a recognition test.

high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly when memory is measured on a recall test.

Answer 57

high-anxious and low-anxious people differ significantly when memory is measured on a recall test.

Question 58

According to the research on the post-event misinformation effect,
Question options:

people are remarkably resistant to new, inconsistent information.

a question containing incorrect information can alter people’s recall of the original event.

misleading information influences recall for children, but not for adults.

these new memories created by post-event information are more vivid than memories created by real events.

Answer 58

a question containing incorrect information can alter people’s recall of the original event

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?
Question options:

Before dinner tonight, I must go to the fitness centre.

I recall the first time I ever thought about becoming a psychology major.

I remember seeing the word consciousness in the third chapter of this textbook.

I know that cabbage tastes bitter.

Answer 59

I know that cabbage tastes bitter.

Question 60

Stephanie is trying to decide whether she told Sid that the history test had been postponed—or whether she had only imagined telling him this. Stephanie is currently engaging in
Question options:

flashbulb memory.

an implicit memory task.

reality monitoring.

a dissociation.

Answer 60

reality monitoring.

Question 61

Suppose that you need to remember to pick up a book at the library after your examination today. This kind of memory task is an example of
Question options:

retrospective memory.

implicit memory.

prospective memory.

organizational mnemonics.

Answer 61

prospective memory.

Question 62

According to your textbook, retrospective memory
Question options:

means that some new information interferes with some old information.

refers to some information that you learned in the past.

means that you use some mnemonic devices to improve your memory.

refers to your ability to predict how well you will do on a memory test.

Answer 62

refers to some information that you learned in the past.

Question 63

Suppose that you study for your next examination in this course by reviewing each topic and asking how the information might be relevant to the career you want to pursue. Your study technique makes use of
Question options:

the encoding-specificity principle.

the self-reference principle.

the Pollyanna Principle.

the shallow-rehearsal technique.

Answer 63

the self-reference principle.

Question 64

Suppose that a friend tells you a phone number that you need to dial as soon as you are done talking. You don’t have a pencil, so you remember it by grouping it into two sections: one with three digits, and one with four digits. The method you have used is called
Question options:

the chunking method.

the method of loci.

the keyword method.

the narrative technique.

Answer 64

the chunking method.

Question 65

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary about the relationship between divided attention and memory performance?
Question options:

Osman: “Divided attention has relatively little effect on long-term recall.”

Shawn: “Divided attention can reduce your ability to process stimuli.”

Shuo: “Divided attention during encoding has no impact on recall, but divided attention during retrieval does lead to a decrease in long-term recall.”

Candace: “Many people show enhanced long-term recall if they experience divided attention during encoding.”

Answer 65

Shawn: “Divided attention can reduce your ability to process stimuli.”

Question 66

According to the discussion on improving prospective memory,
Question options:

external memory aids tend to decrease the accuracy of prospective memory.

it’s helpful to figure out a specific reminder that you can place in a relevant location.

different factors influence the accuracy of retrospective memory and prospective memory.

prospective memory errors are especially likely when people use focused attention rather than divided attention.

Answer 66

it’s helpful to figure out a specific reminder that you can place in a relevant location.

Question 67

Suppose that you meet a student named Jane Frostig, and you try to recall her last name by imagining that she has chocolate frosting spread across her forehead. Which mnemonic method would this represent?
Question options:

keyword method

method of loci

chunking method

source monitoring

Answer 67

keyword method

Question 68

Which of the following students provides the best definition of the term “ecological validity”?
Question options:

Emily: “Ecological validity means that you are testing hypotheses that assess people’s concern about the environment.”

Patrick: “Ecological validity refers to research in which you assess two different dependent variables.”

Tessa: “Ecological validity means that there is a high similarity between the situation where the study is being conducted, and the situation in “real life” where the results will be applied.”

Theodora: “Ecological validity means that you take two dependent variables, determine whether they are correlated with each other, and then see whether they are correlated with the independent variable.”

Answer 68

Tessa: “Ecological validity means that there is a high similarity between the situation where the study is being conducted, and the situation in “real life” where the results will be applied.”

Question 69

Which of the following students provides the best summary of why a person’s confidence is important to the topic of memory strategies and metacognition?
Question options:

Asli: “In general, people are overconfident that they will remember material accurately.”

Megan: “Ironically, people are overconfident about eyewitness testimony and underconfident about material they learn in an academic setting.”

George: “People are especially likely to be overconfident if they have studied material using the self-reference technique.”

Xavier: “People are generally overconfident when they use memory strategies, and underconfident when they use metacognition.”

Answer 69

Question options:

Asli: “In general, people are overconfident that they will remember material accurately.”

Question 70

Your textbook discussed a metamemory study that asked students to estimate their total score on a test that they had just taken. The comparison between the students’ actual score and their estimated score showed that
Question options:

the students consistently overestimated how well they had performed.

the students consistently underestimated how well they had performed.

the students with the lowest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores.

the students with the highest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores.

Answer 70

the students with the highest actual scores provided the most accurate estimated scores.