Chapter 4 - Athabasca Quiz Flashcards
According to the discussion of working memory, the phonological loop
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is useful when you learn a foreign language.
primarily activates the right hemisphere of the brain.
primarily receives information from the episodic buffer.
has a large capacity when you are learning new vocabulary words.
is useful when you learn a foreign language.
Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect. How is this research related to short-term memory?
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The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory.
There is a clear-cut difference between pattern perception and short-term memory.
The material can pass directly into long-term memory, without first entering short-term memory.
The recency effect showed that the capacity of short-term memory is extremely large.
The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory.
What evidence suggested to Alan Baddeley that working memory has several components?
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the research on release from proactive interference
complex computer simulations
modeling using the parallel distributed processing approach
research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time
research showing that people can rehearse words and make spatial judgments at the same time
According to the Baddeley’s revised model of working memory, one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to
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store musical information (such as pitch and tones) for brief periods of time.
manage the decisions that are too complicated for the central executive.
coordinate the meaning and the visual appearance of written text.
provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.
provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.
People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is
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the episodic buffer.
the central executive.
the visuospatial sketchpad.
the phonological loop.
the central executive.
One of the most widely cited articles in psychology is George Miller’s (1956) article on the size of short-term memory. According to your text, Miller used the term _____ to describe the capacity of short-term memory.
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buffer
rehearsal
chunk
bit
chunk
Neuroscientists who have examined the visuospatial sketchpad have discovered that
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visual tasks typically activate the right hemisphere, whereas spatial tasks typically activate the left hemisphere.
visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain.
visual and spatial tasks are apparently converted into a verbal code because they primarily activate the left hemisphere of the brain.
there is no clear correspondence between visuospatial tasks and the patterns of brain activation.
visual and spatial tasks typically activate the right hemisphere of the brain
Suppose that you are having trouble recalling the information for a question about Baddeley’s theory because the information about Atkinson and Shiffrin’s theory (which you learned earlier) keeps interfering. This phenomenon is called
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proactive interference.
the recency effect.
the primacy effect.
chunking.
proactive interference.
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic theory,
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short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different.
items stored in short-term memory are fairly permanent.
rehearsal is necessary in order to move material from sensory memory to short-term memory.
there are no strict limits to the capacity of short-term memory.
short-term memory and long-term memory are distinctly different.
According to Chapter 4, working memory is especially important because
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it provides a perfect copy of the physical stimulus, for example, a visual image that accurately represents the words on a page.
it demonstrates that there is a clear-cut limit to the number of items we can store for a short time.
it is the first process that occurs after the stimulus has entered long-term memory.
it keeps some items active, so that we can use these items when we are working on a relevant task.
it keeps some items active, so that we can use these items when we are working on a relevant task.
Reed conducted research demonstrating that people had difficulty locating a parallelogram in their mental image of a six-sided star. This research
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supports the analog position on mental images.
demonstrates that mental images require a four-stage processing sequence.
supports the idea that we use verbal descriptions to store mental images.
demonstrates that we must reject both the analog and propositional views of mental imagery.
supports the idea that we use verbal descriptions to store mental images.
Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the current importance of mental imagery and spatial skills?
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Assaf: “Spatial ability plays a very important part in careers related to science and technology.”
Lucille: “Within the area of mental imagery, people now conduct more research on auditory imagery than on visual imagery.”
Sondra: “Elementary school teachers in the U.S. are now emphasizing spatial skills much more than in the previous decade.”
Evgeni: “Unfortunately, people cannot greatly improve their spatial skills, once they have reached early adolescence.”
Assaf: “Spatial ability plays a very important part in careers related to science and technology.”
Suppose that you have just studied a map of a region, and you have formed a cognitive map for it. Based on what you know from Chapter 7, we could predict that
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you would estimate that two cities are far apart if there are many other cities in between.
you would estimate that two cities are close if there are many cities in between.
the number of intervening cities only influences distance estimates when people are very familiar with the route.
the number of cities on the route between two cities has little effect on distance estimates.
you would estimate that two cities are far apart if there are many other cities in between.
Researchers have conducted studies on a variety of vision-like processes that are unfamiliar to the general public. This research demonstrates that a mental image has roughly the same effect that an actual visual stimulus has, for example, in producing the masking effect. On the basis of this research, we can conclude that
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demand characteristics probably cannot explain the results.
the propositional-coding explanation is likely to be correct.
visual imagery is stronger than auditory or motor imagery.
experimenter expectancy consistently influences the research on mental imagery.
demand characteristics probably cannot explain the results.
The research on cognitive maps suggests that
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people—surprisingly—are just as accurate at reading a road map when it does not match the orientation of their mental map as when it has the same orientation.
people create cognitive maps from several successive views, if the area is very large.
individual differences in people’s senses of direction are very small.
there is a very high correlation between people’s verbal skills and their skills at creating cognitive maps.
people create cognitive maps from several successive views, if the area is very large.
Imagine that you read about research in which students study a map of an imaginary college campus. Then they are instructed to mentally travel between two points on this map. According to their results, the mental travel time increases as the distance increases between the two points. These results seem to support
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the analog code.
the propositional code.
the alignment heuristic.
the spatial framework model.
the analog code.
Which of the following students’ statements best describes the spatial framework model proposed by Franklin and Tversky?
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Susan: “The mental maps we create do not have a built-in bias; we attach the same significance to left-right distinctions as to up-down distinctions.”
Nadia: “The vertical dimension seems to have special significance when we try to create representations of our environment.”
Stanley: “When we hear a story, we automatically assume the perspective of someone looking down on the scene from above, because of the up-down heuristic.”
Igor: “People vary greatly in the way they construct mental maps when they hear a narrative: some rotate the scene to match the perspective of the main character, but most look at the scene as if they were outside the scene looking in.”
Nadia: “The vertical dimension seems to have special significance when we try to create representations of our environment.”
Suppose that you have a mental image of your favourite male actor. If that image is stored in a propositional code, the representation would emphasize
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spatial relationships, including information about angles and lines.
a correspondence between the mental imagery and perceptual imagery.
a language-like description.
spatial relationships for the actor’s general shape, but a language-like description for the details of his face.
a language-like description.
Suppose that researchers studying mental rotation compare the performance of a group of people who are deaf and are fluent in American Sign Language with a second group of people who are not deaf and have had no experience with American Sign Language. Which of the following patterns of results would you be most likely to find, with respect to mental rotation?
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The individuals who are deaf would be more skilled because auditory information would not interfere with their performance.
The individuals who are deaf would be more skilled because they are accustomed to seeing hand positions from a different perspective.
The individuals who are not deaf would be more skilled because they have extra clues from the auditory information that accompanies hand movement.
The individuals who are not deaf would be more skilled because they have had extra practice “translating” auditory stimulation into changes in visual images.
The individuals who are deaf would be more skilled because they are accustomed to seeing hand positions from a different perspective.
Your textbook discusses research showing that people have better acuity for mental images that are visualized in the centre of the retina, rather than in the periphery of the retina. The reason that this research is significant is that
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it offers strong support for the propositional approach to mental images.
it demonstrates that the previous imagery research had been influenced by experimenter expectancy.
the research is similar to the results obtained when people perceive actual visual stimuli.
it demonstrates that individual differences in visual imagery are actually very small.
the research is similar to the results obtained when people perceive actual visual stimuli.