Chapter 12 - Athabasca Quizz Flashcards
Research on the belief-bias effect shows that
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it is especially likely to operate for experts.
people who earn high scores on a test of flexible thinking are especially likely to demonstrate the belief-bias effect.
familiar statements often lead people to use “common sense” rather than logical reasoning.
it emphasizes how people exaggerate their bottom-up processing.
familiar statements often lead people to use “common sense” rather than logical reasoning.
A friend tells you that drama majors tend to be extremely disorganized. However, when you actually make a tally of 10 friends who are drama majors and 20 friends who are not, you find no relationship. Your friend’s error was most likely an example of
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the hindsight bias.
an illusory correlation.
the framing effect.
the anchoring and adjustment heuristic.
an illusory correlation.
What is one of the difficulties with the availability heuristic?
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It seldom leads to a correct decision in everyday life.
Frequency estimation might be distorted by the familiarity of the examples.
People rely too much on adjustments, and not enough on the anchor.
People rely too much on abstract evidence, rather than concrete evidence.
Frequency estimation might be distorted by the familiarity of the examples.
When people commit the base-rate fallacy, they often
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rely too heavily on the availability heuristic.
believe that the conjunction of two events is more likely than either event by itself.
pay too little attention to information about relative frequency.
are especially likely to demonstrate the hindsight bias.
pay too little attention to information about relative frequency.
An important difference between reasoning and decision making is that, in reasoning,
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we have well-established rules.
the premises are more likely to be ambiguous.
the problem has greater ecological validity.
we are not as likely to know whether our conclusions are correct.
we have well-established rules.
Research on the conjunction fallacy shows that
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people pay more attention to statistical probability than to heuristic strategies.
people pay too much attention to sample size.
people believe that the probability of a combination of two attributes is statistically more likely than the probability of one of those attributes.
people simply misunderstand the instructions because the material is so vivid; when the task is explained, the conjunction fallacy disappears.
people believe that the probability of a combination of two attributes is statistically more likely than the probability of one of those attributes.
Here is a reasoning problem: If Mary is a psychology major at your college, then she must take statistics. Mary graduates from your college without taking statistics. Therefore, Mary is not a psychology major. What kind of problem is this?
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analogy
conditional reasoning problem
the crystal-ball technique
syllogism
conditional reasoning problem
Suppose that you are watching television just after a Congressional election, and your favourite candidate has won—although the election was close. You say to a friend, “Well, I was really quite confident that he would win.” This might be an example of
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a conjunction fallacy.
the framing effect.
the hindsight bias.
the representativeness heuristic.
the hindsight bias.
Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research on overconfidence?
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Solange: “Overconfidence applies to many other cognitive tasks, in addition to decision making.”
Igor: “The research on overconfidence shows that participants are consistently overconfident, no matter what kind of questions they are asked.”
Steve: “Individual differences are surprisingly small in this area: both experts and novices show similar levels of overconfidence.”
Amber: “The overconfidence effect can be traced to illusory correlations.”
Igor: “The research on overconfidence shows that participants are consistently overconfident, no matter what kind of questions they are asked.
Suppose that Kaitlin has a satisficing decision-making style, and she is shopping for a winter jacket. She would be most likely to
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examine as many jackets as possible, taking into consideration their price, colour, style, and warmth.
first select the two attributes that she considers most important—such as price and style—and focus on all jackets that meet these two criteria.
find a jacket that is good enough to meet her standards, even if it is not ideal.
create a list of pros and cons for the jackets that are acceptable, and choose the jacket on the basis of this list.
find a jacket that is good enough to meet her standards, even if it is not ideal.
