Chapter 5

Question 1

What is a population?

Answer 1

The set of individuals of interest to a researcher. A set of entities concerning which statistical inferences are to be drawn

Question 2

what is a sample?

Answer 2

A subset of a population

Question 3

What is the target population?

Answer 3

It’s THE POPULATION, the set of individuals who have the characteristics required by the researcher.

Question 4

what is the accessible population?

Answer 4

A portion of the target population (population) consisting of individuals who are accessible to be recruited as participants in the study.

Question 5

what is sampling?

Answer 5

The variety of ways of selecting individuals to participate in a research study.

Question 6

what is sample representativeness?

Answer 6

The extent to which the CHARACTERISTICS of a sample reflect those of the population.

Question 7

what is a representative sample?

Answer 7

A sample with the same characteristics as the population

Question 8

What is a biased sample?

Answer 8

a sample with different characteristics from those of the population

Question 9

what is selection bias or sampling bias?

Answer 9

when participants or subjects are selected in a manner that increases the probability of obtaining a biased sample.

Question 10

What is probability sampling?

what is a random process?

Answer 10

The population is known and each individual has a specifiable probability of being selected.

A sampling process that ensures that each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 11

What is non-probability sampling?

Answer 11

the population is NOT completely known, individual probabilities cannot be known, and the sampling method is based on factors based on common sense or ease.

Question 12

What sampling technique usually has a biased sample?

Answer 12

Non-probability sampling

Question 13

what is simple random sampling (under probability sampling)?

Answer 13

a sample is obtained using a random process to select participants from a list containing the total population

Question 14

what is systematic sampling?

Answer 14

A sample is obtained by selecting every nth participant from a list containing the total population after a random start

Question 15

what is systematic sampling (under probability sampling)?

Answer 15

A sample is obtained by selecting every nth participant from a list containing the total population after a random start

Question 16

What is stratified random (under probability sampling)?

What is proportionate stratified (under probability sampling)?

Answer 16

A sample is obtained by dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly selecting equal numbers from each of the subgroups

A sample is obtained by dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and then randomly selecting from each startup a number of participants so that the proportions in the sample correspond to the proportions in the population (***sample will be perfectly representative of the population)

Question 17

What is cluster sampling (under probability sampling)?

Answer 17

Instead of selecting individuals, a sample is obtained by randomly sleeting clusters (preexisting groups) from a list of all the clusters that exist within the population

Question 18

what is convenience sampling (under NON probability sampling)?

Answer 18

A sample is obtained by selecting individual participants who are easy to get (sample is probably biased)

Question 19

what is quota sampling (under NON probability sampling)?

Answer 19

A same is obtained by identifying subgroups to be included, then establishing quotas for individuals to be selected through convenience from each subgroup (sample is probably biased)

Question 20

Which type of sampling do experimental psychologists usually use?

Answer 20

Non-random sampling (non-probability)