Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is Research ethics?
concerns the responsibility of researchers to be HONEST and RESPECTFUL to all individuals who are affected by their research studies or their reports of the studies’ results.
Explain the Nuremberg Code and how it came to be
Some of those responsible for atrocities in experiments in Nuremberg at the end of WWII were tried for their crimes which came this code.
Nuremberg Code (1947)
- Voluntary (and informed) consent
- Fruitful results
- Based on appropriate knowledge
- Minimal suffering
- No death (except when experimenter = participant)
- Risks proportional to benefits (the more risks, the higher the probability that the research outcomes will become helpful and useful to science and knowledge)
- Risks anticipated (think about the risk and minimize the suffering #4)
- Scientifically qualified experimenters
- Participants’ right to withdraw
- Experimenters’ responsibility to discontinue
what was Milgram’s actual goal of his experiments?
To understand Obedience and why did so many German soldiers just follow orders?
What was Milgram’s cover story for participants?
the impact of punishment (electrical shock) on learning
What were the results for Milgram’s shocking experiment?
Everyone made it to 300V. A few stopped where the knocking took place (300-315V). The vast majority were FULLY compliant.
What were the conclusions for Milgram’s shock experiment?
Milgram showed that the majority of people obey orders.
What is deception?
When a researcher is not completely forthright (transparent) about a study such that a participant cannot give informed consent
What is informed consent?
requires the investigator to provide all available information about a study so that an individual can make a rational, informed decision to participate in the study.
What is passive deception (omission)?
You don’t lie, but you omit
certain details.
What is active deception?
the presenting of misinformation
What is a solution to deception (since it must be used in some cases)?
Debriefing the participants and providing a secondary consent form.
What is the APA Ethics Code?
What is the Try-Council Policy Statement?
contains 10 ethical standards that researchers should be familiar with before beginning any research with human (and nonhuman) participants.
Ethical conduct for Research Involving Humans
What are the three federal research councils?
NSERC (science, engineering, math), SSHRCC (social sciences, humanities, law), CIHR (Health care and services)
What are the three core principles (Belmont Report)?
Respect for Persons. The dual moral obligations to respect autonomy and to protect those with developing, impaired or diminished autonomy
Concern for Welfare. Aim to protect the welfare of participants, and, in some circumstances, to promote that welfare in view of any foreseeable risks associated with the research
Justice. Refers to the obligation to treat people fairly and equitably
Each university must establish a _________. At Carleton, we have two!
Research Ethics Board
What are the two REB (Research Ethics Boards) at Carleton? What is each responsible for?
Carleton University Research Ethics Board A (CUREB-A). FPA, Business and FASS (except psychology)
Carleton University Research Ethics Board B (CUREB-B). Everyone else including psychology +
What are the REB (Research Ethics Board) goals?
make sure that the Tri-Council Policy Statement is applied in all cases
Facilitate the review process conducted by the Carleton University Research Ethics Boards (REBs)
Uphold the highest ethical and regulatory standards of research involving human participants
A research proposal must be submitted to ______ before testing may start.
REB (research Ethics Board)
Each institution or agency is required to establish a committee called an ______________ that examines all proposed research with respect to its treatment of human participants.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
What is included in an REB research proposal?
- Project snapshot
- Methods: Participants
- Methods: Recruitment
- Methods: Data Collection
- Methods: Data storage and Analysis
- Obtaining Informed Consent
What is confidentiality?
the practice of keeping strictly secret and private the information or measures obtained from an individual during a research study
What is anonymity?
the practice of ensuring that an individual’s name is not directly associated with the information or measurements obtained from that individual
What is Ethics Creep?
A process by which the bureaucratic structure of the REB regulates progressively more research practices while simultaneously increasing the administrative burden of the research community
What is the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)?
(same thing as Tri-council policy) is the national peer review agency responsible for setting and maintaining standards for the care and use of animals used in research, teaching and testing throughout Canada (NSERC, CIHR)
Ethical issues for animal research are supervised by __________.
Carleton University Animal Care Committee
How does the criteria for animal research defer from human research?
The criteria for approval is more stringent
What are the three R’s for animal research?
Replacement: the use of inanimate systems (e.g., computer program) or less sentient animals (e.g., worms, bacteria, etc) when possible. (using the animal that’s furthest away on the animal evolutionary chain as possible that will allow you to still meet the research goal)
Reduction: a decrease in the number of animals used previously with no loss of useful information. (you need to be very precise in saying this is exactly how many animals I need for my research to work)
Refinement: a change in some aspect of the experiment that results in a reduction of any pain, stress or distress that animals may experience.
What is fraud? What is an example?
the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data
From 2004 to 2011, Diederik Stapel manipulated or fabricated data for a variety of manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals including Science and The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
what is replication?
repetition of a research study using the same basic procedures used in the original
What does NOT warrant authorship?
Lesser contributions
What does NOT warrant authorship?
Lesser contributions
*Unless one makes multiple lesser contributions
