Chapter 5: 5.1 History of Genetics and Laws of Probability

Question 1

Who was a pioneer in the study of genetics and the namesake of Mendelian Genetics?

Answer 1

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

Question 2

What laws did Mendel derive from garden peas?

Answer 2

Laws of inheritance derived by hybridization experiments

Question 3

Define:

Hybridization

Answer 3

The interbreeding between two different varieties of an organism

Question 4

Mendel strains were true breeding
* What does this mean?

Answer 4

The offspring’s physical appearance is identical to that of the previous generation
* E.x. Yellow seed plant produce plants with yellow seeds

Question 5

What was Mendel’s objective and approach?

Answer 5

• Approach: Cross true-breeding strains and cross their progeny
• Objective: To identify any statistical patterns in the frequency of the seven traits

Question 6

How did Mendel’s approach differ from other scientists?

Answer 6

1. The use of true breeding strains rather than complicated and poorly characterized ones
2. Focusing on just one or a few traits at a time
3. The counting of progeny and looking for statistical patterns

Question 7

Define:

Test cross

Answer 7

Occurs when you breed an organism with one that is homozygous recessive

Question 8

Define:

P1 Generation

Answer 8

Refers to the parental generation

Question 9

Define:

F1 Generation

Answer 9

Refers to the first offspring generation

Question 10

Define:

The Product Rule

Answer 10

For interdependent events X and Y:
* The probability P of them both occurring (X and Y) is the product of the two individual probabilites (Px · Py)

Question 11

Define:

The Sum Rule

Answer 11

For mutually exclusive events X and Y:
* The probability P that at least one occurs (X or Y) is the sum of the two probabilities (Px + Py) that each individual event will occur