Chapter 1: 1.1 Descent with Modification

Question 1

Define:

Heritable Variation

Answer 1

Variation within species and between species

Question 2

Define:

Phenotype

Answer 2

Physical characteristics (shape, function, behavior)

Question 3

Define:

Genotype

Answer 3

Specific combination of genes and alleles

Question 4

In heritable variation:

What are the two requirements that must be met?

Answer 4

1. Traits must be expressed
2. Traits must be heritable

Question 5

True or False:

Natural selection is random

Answer 5

False. VARIATION is random, but natural selection is NOT random

Question 6

What does natural selection select?

Answer 6

It selects individuals that do the best in the environment

Question 7

List:

Sources of Variation

Answer 7

• Mutation
• Meiosis
• Recombination
• Independent Assortment
• Fertilization

Question 8

Define:

Mutation

Answer 8

Random errors in DNA replication

Question 9

Define:

Meiosis

Answer 9

Sexual reproduction which can introduce genetic variation

Question 10

Define:

Recombination

Answer 10

Chromosomes cross and exchange sections

Question 11

Define:

Independent Assortment

Answer 11

Offspring receive one of each chromosome at random from the parent

Question 12

Define:

Fertilization

Answer 12

Combining two parental genomes

Question 13

Selection acts on…

Answer 13

The individual

Question 14

Define:

Agent of selection

Answer 14

Environmental feature that consistently produces differential survival
* Causes the weaker/less adapted to die off

Question 15

Give examples of:

Agents of selection

Answer 15

• Heat
• Drought
• Salinity

Question 16

Define:

Selective pressure

Answer 16

How intensely the environment is selecting a trait
* E.x. What fraction of the population dies each year due to drought

Question 17

What is biotic selective pressure?

Answer 17

Living pressure (E.x. prey, predators)

Question 18

What is abiotic selective pressure?

Answer 18

Non-living pressure (E.x. rainfall, temperature, nutrients)

Question 19

What does natural selection depend on?

Answer 19

Environment

Question 20

True or False:

Natural selection moves towards perfection

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Natural selection is ——————-

Answer 21

Context-dependent

Question 22

List:

Requirements of Natural Selection

Answer 22

1. Heritable Variation
2. Limited Resources
3. Differential Survivial

Question 23

In natural selection, given properties the population will…

Answer 23

Adapt

Question 24

List:

Evidence for Evolution (7)

Answer 24

• Fossils Records
• Comparative Embryology
• Biogeography
• Vestigial Structures
• Genomics
• Artificial Selection
• Resistance in Pests

Question 25

Explain Evidence for Evolution:

Fossil Records

Answer 25

See species change gradually through time

Question 26

Explain Evidence for Evolution:

Comparative Embryology

Answer 26

Distantly related species have similar embryonic stages (due to shared ancestry)

Question 27

Explain Evidence for Evolution:

Biogeography

Answer 27

The distribution of related species matches evolutionary theory

Question 28

Explain Evidence for Evolution:

Vestigial Structures

Answer 28

Some traits have no current function and are slowly disappearing (e.x. Whale pelvis, human tailbone)

Question 29

Explain Evidence for Evolution:

Genomics

Answer 29

DNA is more similar between closely related species

Question 30

Explain Evidence for Evolution:

Artificial Selection

Answer 30

We have selectively bred traits to produce desired phenotypes (e.x. corn, dogs)

Question 31

Explain Evidence for Evolution:

Resistance in Pests

Answer 31

Pests have become resistant to our methods of control