Chapter 5

Question 1

What is Arousal?

Answer 1

A blend of physiological and psychological activation of an individuals autonomic nervous system

Question 2

What are the ranges of arousal? Pleasant or unpleasant? Occurs from what?

Answer 2

Deep sleep to peak activation. Niether pleasant nor unpleasant. From positive and negative events.

Question 3

Is anxiety arousal?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Anxiety is what ? What kind?

Answer 4

an emotion, negative.

Question 5

What are the five characteristics of anxiety?

Answer 5

• Elicited following an appraisal (evaluation).
• Universal across people of all cultures.
• Has a distinct physiology.
• Observed through discrete facial expression, and
• Associated with unique set of action tendencies

Question 6

within this framework, what are the two components?

Answer 6

Cognitive Anxiety: athletes concerns or worries that reduces ability to focus or concentrate.
Somatic Anxiety: Physiological and affective elements that develop directly from autonomic arousal.

Question 7

social anxiety occurs mainly when?

Answer 7

When they believe they will be judged by others

Question 8

What is competitive trait anxiety?

Answer 8

Associated with sport or competition

Question 9

What is social physique anxiety?

Answer 9

Evaluating of ones physique within a social setting

Question 10

What is state anxiety?

Answer 10

Associated with worries and apprehension- may change from moment to moment

Question 11

What is trait anxeity? Predisposes individual to what?

Answer 11

A stable part of personality. To percieve situations as physically or psychologically threatening.

Question 12

What is intensity of symptoms?

Answer 12

Examines amount of level of symptoms

Question 13

What is frequency of cognitive intrutions?

Answer 13

% of thoughts and feelings that occupy an individuals mind about competitions

Question 14

What is directional interpretation of symptoms?

Answer 14

Extent to which the intensity of the anxiety symptoms are labelled as facilitative (positive) or debilitative (NEg)

Question 15

Five personal sources of anxiety

Answer 15

1. Age, experience and skill level.
2. Gender
3. Trait Anxiety
4. Self-confidence and self-presentational beliefs
5. Self regulation Strategies

Question 16

Age, experience and skill level- Research shows what?

Answer 16

Equivocal, studies reveal differences and no differences between novice and experts in anxiety levels. Experts may perceive anxiety as facilitative, novice view s debilitative

Question 17

Gender- Research consistent? Females experience higher what in exercise roles? Are the factors for both genders the same for this?

Answer 17

No, fails to find differences. Higher social physique anxiety. No they are different factors that play a role

Question 18

Trait Anxiety- Traits influence level of what?

Individuals level of trait anxiety directly affects what?

Answer 18

CSA and SPA. Perception of threat in exercise and competition.

Question 19

Self confidence and self- presentational beliefs what are the favourable sources of anxiety

Answer 19

beliefs about capability and presenting body

Question 20

What lowers levels of state anxiety?

Answer 20

Positive beliefs

Question 21

self-regulation strategies:What are coping skills?

Answer 21

Behaviours to adjust physiological arousal and degree of worry or concern ex: self-talk, Imagery

Question 22

What are self- handicapping behaviours?

Answer 22

Actions or choices that externalize failure and internalize success Ex: select unattainable goals, exaggerate injuries

Question 23

5 Environment based sources of anxiety

Answer 23

1. Temporal patterning in the sport environment
2. Mirrors in the exercise environment
3. Clothing in the exercise environment
4. Characteristics of other exercisers
5. Exercise leader characteristics

Question 24

People with high SPA may do what when it comes to exercise?

Answer 24

Exercise to improve bodies and receive positie evaluation, or avoid exercise

Question 25

Temporal Patterning- What happens to somatic anxiety?

Answer 25

Low levels until several hours until competition, then sharp rise until onset of performance, during and after; somatic levels decrease.

Question 26

Temporal Patterning- is there a change in cognitive anxiety ?

Answer 26

No change occurs prior to competition unless there is a change in athletes evaluation for success changes. After onset of competition steady decline in cognitive anxiety.

Question 27

Multidimensional Anxiety theory describes what

Answer 27

Relationship between components of anxiety and sport performance

Question 28

MAC Somatic arousal increases associated with what?

Answer 28

Corresponding increases in performance

Question 29

Excessive somatic arousal levels are what?

Answer 29

Debilitative

Question 30

Cognitive anxiety has what type of relationship with sport performance?

Answer 30

Negative linear.

Question 31

As worry and apprehension increases what occurs to performance

Answer 31

Diminishes

Question 32

Zones of optimal functioning

Answer 32

Varies among athletes. Each athletes has a zone of a certain amount of state anxiety where they will optimally perform.

Question 33

Two important keys to the theory ZOF

Answer 33

Understanding how the relationship between anxiety and performance differs between athletes, and that anxiety is not always detrimental to performance.

Question 34

Cusp Castastrophe Theory

Answer 34

Describes combines influences of cognitive state anxiety and physiological arousal

Question 35

5 predicitons

Answer 35

When cognitive state anxiety is low, the relationship between physiological arousal and performance is an inverted-U shape.
When physiological arousal is high, elevations in cognitive state anxiety are associated with enhanced performance relative to the baseline.
3. When physiological arousal is high, elevations in cognitive state anxiety are associated with performance declines.
4. When cognitive state anxiety is high, the effects of elevations in physiological arousal can be positive or negative for performance.
5. When physiological arousal is moderately high and cognitive state anxiety is high, it predicts a dramatic performance drop, a catastrophe, will occur.

Question 36

Cognitive mechanisms: Affected by what

Answer 36

Elevated competitive anxiety

Question 37

Competitive anxiety affect..

Answer 37

amounts and types of information processed (task relevant vs. task irrelevant). also affects type of cognitive processing

Question 38

First attentional focus problem

Answer 38

State anxiety elevations reduces attending and processing information ability.
Performance improves if unimportant distraction cues are blocked.
Performance may be diminished if important task-relevant cues missed.

Question 39

Second attentional focus problem.

Answer 39

Highly anxious athletes attend to task-irrelevant information more than low anxious athletes.
Highly anxious athlete’s attention is governed by subjective importance of cues (i.e. threat) rather than location in visual field.

Question 40

Third attentional focus problem.

Answer 40

Competitive anxiety causes shifts to conscious processing.

Paralysis by analysis “choking”

Question 41

Physiological mechanisms

Answer 41

High arousal can decrease performance on fine motor tasks.
High arousal associated with movement coordination difficultues.
Elevated anxiety may predispose athletes to injury.