Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is Arousal?
A blend of physiological and psychological activation of an individuals autonomic nervous system
What are the ranges of arousal? Pleasant or unpleasant? Occurs from what?
Deep sleep to peak activation. Niether pleasant nor unpleasant. From positive and negative events.
Is anxiety arousal?
No
Anxiety is what ? What kind?
an emotion, negative.
What are the five characteristics of anxiety?
- Elicited following an appraisal (evaluation).
- Universal across people of all cultures.
- Has a distinct physiology.
- Observed through discrete facial expression, and
- Associated with unique set of action tendencies
within this framework, what are the two components?
Cognitive Anxiety: athletes concerns or worries that reduces ability to focus or concentrate.
Somatic Anxiety: Physiological and affective elements that develop directly from autonomic arousal.
social anxiety occurs mainly when?
When they believe they will be judged by others
What is competitive trait anxiety?
Associated with sport or competition
What is social physique anxiety?
Evaluating of ones physique within a social setting
What is state anxiety?
Associated with worries and apprehension- may change from moment to moment
What is trait anxeity? Predisposes individual to what?
A stable part of personality. To percieve situations as physically or psychologically threatening.
What is intensity of symptoms?
Examines amount of level of symptoms
What is frequency of cognitive intrutions?
% of thoughts and feelings that occupy an individuals mind about competitions
What is directional interpretation of symptoms?
Extent to which the intensity of the anxiety symptoms are labelled as facilitative (positive) or debilitative (NEg)
Five personal sources of anxiety
- Age, experience and skill level.
- Gender
- Trait Anxiety
- Self-confidence and self-presentational beliefs
- Self regulation Strategies
Age, experience and skill level- Research shows what?
Equivocal, studies reveal differences and no differences between novice and experts in anxiety levels. Experts may perceive anxiety as facilitative, novice view s debilitative
Gender- Research consistent? Females experience higher what in exercise roles? Are the factors for both genders the same for this?
No, fails to find differences. Higher social physique anxiety. No they are different factors that play a role
Trait Anxiety- Traits influence level of what?
Individuals level of trait anxiety directly affects what?
CSA and SPA. Perception of threat in exercise and competition.
Self confidence and self- presentational beliefs what are the favourable sources of anxiety
beliefs about capability and presenting body
What lowers levels of state anxiety?
Positive beliefs
self-regulation strategies:What are coping skills?
Behaviours to adjust physiological arousal and degree of worry or concern ex: self-talk, Imagery
What are self- handicapping behaviours?
Actions or choices that externalize failure and internalize success Ex: select unattainable goals, exaggerate injuries
5 Environment based sources of anxiety
- Temporal patterning in the sport environment
- Mirrors in the exercise environment
- Clothing in the exercise environment
- Characteristics of other exercisers
- Exercise leader characteristics
People with high SPA may do what when it comes to exercise?
Exercise to improve bodies and receive positie evaluation, or avoid exercise
Temporal Patterning- What happens to somatic anxiety?
Low levels until several hours until competition, then sharp rise until onset of performance, during and after; somatic levels decrease.
Temporal Patterning- is there a change in cognitive anxiety ?
No change occurs prior to competition unless there is a change in athletes evaluation for success changes. After onset of competition steady decline in cognitive anxiety.
Multidimensional Anxiety theory describes what
Relationship between components of anxiety and sport performance
MAC Somatic arousal increases associated with what?
Corresponding increases in performance
Excessive somatic arousal levels are what?
Debilitative
Cognitive anxiety has what type of relationship with sport performance?
Negative linear.
As worry and apprehension increases what occurs to performance
Diminishes
Zones of optimal functioning
Varies among athletes. Each athletes has a zone of a certain amount of state anxiety where they will optimally perform.
Two important keys to the theory ZOF
Understanding how the relationship between anxiety and performance differs between athletes, and that anxiety is not always detrimental to performance.
Cusp Castastrophe Theory
Describes combines influences of cognitive state anxiety and physiological arousal
5 predicitons
When cognitive state anxiety is low, the relationship between physiological arousal and performance is an inverted-U shape.
When physiological arousal is high, elevations in cognitive state anxiety are associated with enhanced performance relative to the baseline.
3. When physiological arousal is high, elevations in cognitive state anxiety are associated with performance declines.
4. When cognitive state anxiety is high, the effects of elevations in physiological arousal can be positive or negative for performance.
5. When physiological arousal is moderately high and cognitive state anxiety is high, it predicts a dramatic performance drop, a catastrophe, will occur.
Cognitive mechanisms: Affected by what
Elevated competitive anxiety
Competitive anxiety affect..
amounts and types of information processed (task relevant vs. task irrelevant). also affects type of cognitive processing
First attentional focus problem
State anxiety elevations reduces attending and processing information ability.
Performance improves if unimportant distraction cues are blocked.
Performance may be diminished if important task-relevant cues missed.
Second attentional focus problem.
Highly anxious athletes attend to task-irrelevant information more than low anxious athletes.
Highly anxious athlete’s attention is governed by subjective importance of cues (i.e. threat) rather than location in visual field.
Third attentional focus problem.
Competitive anxiety causes shifts to conscious processing.
Paralysis by analysis “choking”
Physiological mechanisms
High arousal can decrease performance on fine motor tasks.
High arousal associated with movement coordination difficultues.
Elevated anxiety may predispose athletes to injury.
