Chapter 5

Question 1

polymer

Answer 1

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 2

monomer

Answer 2

the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Question 3

enzymes

Answer 3

the chemical mechanisms by which cells make and break down polymers
o Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Question 4

dehydration reaction

Answer 4

reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other
o Forms a monomer
o Results in the loss of 1 H2O

Question 5

Hydrolysis

Answer 5

process by which polymers and disassembled into monomers

o Reverse of hydration reaction

Question 6

carbohydrates

Answer 6

sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

simplest sugars
• Have formulas in the form of CH2O
• Either aldose or ketose, depending on location of carbonyl group

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

two sugars joined by a covalent bond

• Connected by glycosidic linkages

Question 9

glycosidic linkages

Answer 9

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

Question 10

starch

Answer 10

All glucose monomers are in α configuration

• Helical molecules

Question 11

cellulose

Answer 11

All glucose monomers are in β configuration (Every monomer is upside down compared to neighbor)
• straight molecule
• OH- groups are free to bond with OH- groups of other cellulose molecules

Question 12

fats

Answer 12

molecules consisting of glycerol and fatty acid

Question 13

glycerol

Answer 13

an alcohol

• Contains 3 carbons attached to 3 hydroxyl groups

Question 14

fatty acid

Answer 14

long carbon skeleton (~16-18 atoms)
• Carboxyl group at one end gives the name fatty acid
• Other end is hydrocarbon chain

Question 15

saturated fatty acid

Answer 15

when there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
 As many H atoms as possible are bonded to carbon skeleton

Question 16

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 16

has one or more double bonds

Question 17

trans fatty acid

Answer 17

consist of trans double bonds

 (Therefore one fewer H atom on each double-bonded carbon)

Question 18

triglyceride

Answer 18

contains three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

Question 19

ester linkage

Answer 19

formed by dehydration reaction between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

has two fatty acids attached to glycerol molecule. Phosphate group (negatively charged) attached to glycerol

Question 21

bilayer

Answer 21

the structure lipids form when added to water.
 Shields hydrophobic tail from water
 Double layered

Question 22

steroids

Answer 22

lipids which have carbon skeletons with four fused rings

Question 23

cholesterol

Answer 23

type of steroid
• Essential to cell membrane, precursor to sex hormones
• Synthesized in the liver and obtained by diet in vertebrates