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Biology 151 (Semester 1) > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

functions to distribute substances throughout body as well as in digestion
o Found in hydras, jellies, and cnidarians
o Fluid bathes inner and outer tissue layers, facilitating exchange of gases and cellular waste
o Nutrients only have to diffuse a small distance

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2
Q

heart

A

powers circulation by using metabolic energy to elevate circulatory fluid’s hydrostatic pressure

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3
Q

open circulatory system

A

circulatory system in which circulatory fluid (hemolymph) is also the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells
o Found in arthropods (grasshoppers) and molluscs
o Heart contraction pumps hemolymph through circulatory system into sinuses
o Chemical exchange occurs between hemolymph and body cells within sinuses

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4
Q

hemolymph

A

the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells in an open circulatory system

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5
Q

sinuses

A

space surrounding organs

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6
Q

closed circulatory system

A

circulatory system in which circulatory fluid (blood) is confined to vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid
o Chemical exchange occurs between blood and interstitial fluid
o One or more hearts pump blood
o Found in annelids (earthworms), cephalopods (squids and octopi), and all vertebrates

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7
Q

circulatory system

A

the closed circulatory system of humans and vertebrates

o Blood circulates to and from heart via vessels

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8
Q

arteries

A

carry blood from heart to organs in body

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9
Q

arterioles

A

branch from arteries

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10
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic vessels with thin, porous walls

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11
Q

capillary beds

A

networks of capillaries which infiltrate tissues

o Found within every cell of the body

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12
Q

venules

A

branch from capillaries

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13
Q

veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

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14
Q

portal veins

A

carry blood between capillary beds

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15
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries blood from capillary beds in digestive system to capillary beds in the liver

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16
Q

atria

A

muscular chambers that receive blood entering the heart

• Most of the blood that enters here flows into the ventricles

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17
Q

ventricles

A

chambers responsible for pumping blood out of heart
• Have thick muscle walls
• Left ventricle pumps blood via the systemic circuit (with greater force)

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18
Q

single circulation

A

when blood passes through the heart once in a complete circuit
o Found in bony fishes, rays, and sharks
o Blood enters in the atrium then goes to the ventricle
o Contraction of the ventricle pumps blood to capillary bed in the gills
o There is a net diffusion of O2 and CO2 from blood
o Blood pressure drops before entering capillary bed

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19
Q

double circulation

A

has two circuits which are combined into single organ- the heart
o Found in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
o Provides rigorous blood flow to brain, muscles, and organs

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20
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

when the pump on the right side of the heart delivers deoxygenated blood to capillary beds
• CO2 and O2 exchange occurs

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21
Q

pulmocutaneous circuit

A

when blood pumps through right side of heart and through capillaries of lungs and skin

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22
Q

systemic circuit

A

when oxygenated blood is carried to organs, deoxygenated blood is carried away from organs

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23
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one complete sequence of pumping and filling

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24
Q

systole

A

contraction phase of pumping heart

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25
diastole
relaxation phase of pumping heart
26
cardiac output
the volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute • heart rate: number of beats per minute • stroke volume: the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction  ~70 mL or 5 mL/min
27
atrioventricular (AV) valve
lies between atrium and venricle o Anchored by strong fibers o Keeps blood from blowing back into the atria
28
semilunar valves
Prevents backflow of blood o Located where aorta leaves LV and where pulmonary artery leaves RV o Are pushed open by pressure generated through contraction of the ventricles
29
heart murmur
when blood squirts backward through a defective valve
30
sinoatrial (SA) node
cluster of cells which set rate and timing at which cardiac muscles contract o ‘pacemaker’ o Impulses spread via gap junctions o Generate impulses that cause the atria to contract in unison
31
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
when electrodes are placed on the skin and the currents generated by impulses are measured • Detects stages of the cardiac cycle
32
Atrioventricular (AV) node
relay point where nerve impulses are delayed for 0.1 seconds before spreading to the apex (the top) of the heart
33
purkinje fibers
spread signals from AV node to heart apex through ventricular walls.
34
sympathetic nervous system
speeds up your pacemaker to allow for more O2 to be brought to muscles
35
parasympathetic nervous system
slows down your pacemaker, decreasing heart rate and conserving energy • Increase in body temperature increases heart rate
36
endothelium
a single layer of flattened epithelial cells | o Surface minimizes resistance to flow of blood
37
capillaries
where exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid occurs
38
basal lamina
extracellular layer which surrounds capillaries
39
systolic pressure
when heart contracts during ventricular systole | o When arterial blood pressure is highest
40
pulse
rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat | o Easy to find because arterioles are narrow
41
diastolic pressure
the relaxed pressure that results when the walls of arteries snap back o After this, heart contracts again
42
vasoconstriction
the narrowing of the arteriole walls which increases blood pressure upstream in the arteries
43
vasodilation
smooth muscle causes arterioles to increase in diameter, causing blood pressure to fall o Nitric oxide plays a role in inducing vasodilation o Often occurs during heavy exercise. However, it is accompanied by an increase in cardiac output which increases blood flow.
44
precapillary sphincters
rings of smooth muscle located at the entrance to capillary beds o Helps regulate and redirect passage of blood into particular capillaries o Regulated via hormones
45
histamine
a chemical which plays a role in triggering vasodilation to increase blood flow to wounds and thus more white blood cells
46
osmotic pressure
the pressure generated by the difference in solute concentration across a membrane o Dissolved blood proteins (the can’t pass thru the endothelium!) are responsible for the osmotic pressure
47
lymphatic system
network of tiny vessels intermingled among capillaries o Empty into veins in base of neck o Have valves which prevent backflow of fluid
48
lymph
fluid lost by capillaries
49
edema
fluid (lymph) accumulation
50
lymph nodes
lymph-filtering organs which consist of white blood cells | • Can also trap circulating cancer cells
51
plasma
liquid matrix which in which blood is suspended • Consist of ions and proteins which function in osmotic regulation, transport, and defense • Also consists of nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory gases, and hormones. • 55% of blood • Has higher protein concentration than interstitial fluid
52
albumins
plasma proteins that act as buffers against pH change |  Help maintain osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid
53
immunoglobulin
plasma proteins which act as antibodies that which combat viruses & foreign agents
54
Apololipoproteins
proteins that escort lipids (which are insoluble in water)
55
fibrinogens
clotting factors which plug leaks in broken blood vessels
56
serum
blood plasma from which clotting factors have been removed
57
platelets
pinched-off cytoplasmic fragments of specialized bone marrow cells  Cell fragments involved with blood clotting  Have no nuclei  ~2-3 micrometers in length
58
erythrocytes
red blood cells  5-6 million red cells found per each microliter of blood  One cell consists of ~250 million molecules of hemoglobin  Main function: O2 transport  Small, biconcave disks (shape increases surface area, enhancing rate of diffusion  Lack nuclei
59
hemoglobin
iron-containing protein which transports O2 | • 1 molecule of hemoglobin binds to 4 molecules of O2
60
sickle cell anemia
when abnormal form of hemoglobin polymerizes into many different molecules instead of one, thus distorting erythrocyte shape • Results from alteration in amino acid sequence at single position • Blood vessel from erythrocytes blockage results in organ swelling= severe pain • Shorter life span of blood cell
61
leukocytes
fight infection o Some are phagocytic o 5-10,000 leukocytes found in one microliter of blood o Lymphocytes: leukocytes which develop into B and T cells that mount immune responses against foreign substances
62
multipotent stem cells
have ability to develop into multiple types of cells | o Produce either lymphoid or myeloid cells
63
myeloid cells
Differentiate to form either erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, or monocytes
64
lymphoid cells
differentiate to form either B or T cells (lymphocytes)
65
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone released from kidneys which stimulates the growth of more erythrocytes when O2 levels in tissue drop o Works via negative-feedback
66
thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin • Released in response to broken blood vessel • Its production works via positive-feedback
67
hemophilia
characterized by excessive bleeding, bruising | o Caused by inability to clot blood
68
thrombus
a clot that forms within the blood vessel which blocks the flow of blood
69
atherosclerosis
hardening of artery walls due to fatty plaque deposits | o Caused by cholesterol
70
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production | o ‘Bad’ cholesterol
71
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
returns excess cholesterol to liver | o ‘Good’ cholesterol
72
heart attack (myocardial infarction)
death or damage of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries (which supply oxygen-rich blood to heart)
73
stroke
death of nervous tissue in brain due to lack of O2 | o Caused by rupture of blocked arteries in the head
74
hypertension
high blood pressure o Contributes to heart attack and stroke o Chronic high blood pressure damages endothelium lining arteries, promoting plaque formation
75
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
76
ventilation
movement of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface o Maintains partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 across gill that are necessary for gas exchange.
77
countercurrent exchange
the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions o Blood entering gill capillary encounters water that is depleted of its dissolved O2 and has a higher PO2 than incoming blood. Thus, O2 transfer occurs. As blood keeps on moving, PO2 and PH2O increases. Thus, O2 is diffused from water to blood.
78
tracheal system
network of air tubes that branch throughout body o Functions in gas exchange o Found in terrestrial animals
79
lungs
localized respiratory organs | o Evolved in organisms with open circulatory systems
80
larynx
upper part of respiratory tract | o Moves upward and tips epiglottis over glottis upon ingestion
81
glottis
opening of the trachea
82
bronchi
what trachea branch into
83
bronchioles
fine tubes the bronchi branch into | • Epithelial is covered in cilia which moves mucus toward pharynx
84
alveoli
air sacs clustered at the tips of bronchioles which function is gas exchange • Consist of white blood cells which engulf foreign particles
85
surfactant
mixture of phospholipids and proteins which coat alveoli and reduce surface tension
86
parabronchi
tiny channels that serve as sites of gas exchange in birds | • Birds pass air in only one direction
87
negative pressure breathing
pulling, rather than pushing air into the lungs o Mammals lower air pressure in lungs using muscle contraction and blood flows down into tubes of alveoli o During exhalation, muscles relax and volume of cavity is reduced. Increased air pressure in alveoli forces air out of body
88
diaphragm
sheet of skeletal muscle that forms bottom wall of thoracic cavity
89
tidal volume
the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath | o ~500 mL
90
vital capacity
tidal volume during maximum inhalation | o ~3.4-4.8 L
91
residual volume
the air that remains after a forced exhalation | o Increases with old age
92
breathing control centers
neural circuits found in medulla o Establish breathing rhythm o Medulla uses pH of surrounding tissue as indicator of blood CO2 concen. o CO2 diffuses from blood to cerebrospinal fluid where it reacts with water to form carbonic acid o High CO2 concen. leads to increase in H+ concen.
93
respiratory pigments
proteins that circulate the blood or hemolymph and are contained within specialized cells o Increase the amount of O2 that can be carried in circulatory fluid o Resp. pigment for almost all vertebrates is hemoglobin
94
hemocyanin
blue pigment found in arthropods and molluscs
95
bohr shift
when low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 | o This causes more O2 to be produced when more CO2 is present
96
myoglobin
an oxygen-storing protein found in muscles | • Hemoglobin minimizes changes in blood pH
97
Hydrostatic pressure
the pressure fluid exerts on surrounding vessels

Biology 151 (Semester 1) (19 decks)

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