Chapter 4 Flashcards
fat
non-hydrocarbon component joined to three hydrocarbon tails
o Is hydrophobic
Isomers
compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different STRUCTURES
o Have different properties than compounds w/ same number of atoms
structural isomers
differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
Ex: C5H12 has three forms. Two differ because one is straight chain, other is branched.
cis/trans isomers
(also known as geometric isomers) have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but atoms differ in SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
Rotating around the double bond creates new compound
Enantiomers
isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images
o Differ in shape due to asymmetrical carbon
o Remember your hands
Functional groups
chemical groups involved directly in chemical reactions
o Each has specific properties such as shape and charge, which cause it to participate in reactions in characteristic ways
o Seven chemical groups important to bio: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
an organic molecule consisting of an adenosine combined to three phosphate groups
hydroxyl group
- Polar due to electronegativity of oxygen
- Forms hydrogen bonds with water
- Helps dissolve sugars
Carbonyl group
- ketoses: have ketone group 2 O’s bonded to two R groups
- aldoses: have aldehyde (carbonyl attached to at least one H but carbonyl is at end of skeleton)
Carboxyl group
- COOH (carbon bonded to OH and O)
- Can act as acid (proton donor) because O-H bond is polar
amino group
- NH2
- Acts as base (proton acceptor)
- Can form amine
sulfhydryl group
- SH
- form ‘cross-link’ of protein structure
phosphate group
- Contributes negative charge
- Gives a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
methyl group
- Affects expression of genes when found in DNA or on DNA-bound proteins
- Affects shape function of male and female sex hormones
