Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 151 (Semester 1) > Chapter 41 > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

essential nutrients

A

preassembled organic molecules and minerals
o Include essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
o Serve as substrates, coenzymes, and cofactors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

essential amino acids

A

amino acids that cannot be synthesized using enzymes and must be obtained from food
o Required in human diet: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

essential fatty acids

A

fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet (because we lack enzymes to form the double bonds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts
o Water soluble- B vitamins- which act as coenzymes and vitamin C
o Fat soluble- vitamin A and D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

minerals

A

inorganic nutrients that are required in small amounts

o Ex: iron and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

undernutrition

A

diets that fails to provide adequate sources of chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of human health and disease at the population level
o Ex: Kids born to women of low socioeconomic status were more likely to have neural tube defects. (Lack of folic acid- vitamin B9 is responsible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mechanical digestion

A

increases surface available for chemical processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

adding water to the fat molecule to break the covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

absorption

A

absorption of small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

elimination

A

when undigested materials pass through digestive system`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intracellular digestion

A

the hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles
o Occurs after cell engulfs food via phagocytosis or pinocytosis
o Newly formed vacuole fuses with lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lysosomes

A

organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown of food in compartments that are outside the animal’s body
o Allows animal to digest larger pieces of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gastricular cavity

A

opening which functions in digestion along with the distribution of nutrients throughout the body
o Glands inside secrete digestive enzymes
o Found in cnidarians (hydras) and flatworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alimentary canal

A

digestive tube extending between the mouth and anus
o Found in most animals
o Allows animal to ingest food while other meals are being digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peristalsis

A

alternative waves of contraction and relaxation in smooth muscle which push food along the alimentary canal
• Generally empty stomach contents into small intestine within 2-6 hours of meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sphincter

A

muscular layer forming ringlike valves which hold any type of biological opening closed
o Regulate passage of material between specialized compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

amylase (salivary glands)

A

enzyme found in saliva which hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mucus (salivary glands)

A

viscous mixture of H2O, salts, cells, and mucins which protect the lining of the mouth from abrasion and lubricates food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bolus

A

ball of food formed when tongue manipulates mixture of saliva and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pharynx

A

opens passageways to the trachea and the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gastric juice

A

digestive fluid secreted by the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

protease

A

a protein-digesting enzyme

25
Q

pepsin (protease)

A

protein-digesting enzyme which cleaves proteins into polypeptides
• Formed by cutting small part of molecule off of pepsinogen and exposing the active site
o Found in lumen only

26
Q

chyme

A

mixture of gastric juice and ingested food

27
Q

parietal cells

A

use ATP-driven pump to expel H ions into the lumen

28
Q

chief cells

A

release pepsinogen into the lumen

29
Q

pepsinogen

A

inactive form of pepsin released by chief cells

30
Q

small intestine

A

where most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food occurs
o Over 20 feet long
o All folds in small intestine have a surface area 200-300m^2

31
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections found in small intestine

32
Q

microvilli (villi)

A

microscopical projections found on the apical surface of each epithelial cell of a villus

33
Q

lacteal

A

vessels found at the core of each villus, part of the lymphatic system
• Absorbs digested fats

34
Q

duodenum (small intestine)

A

where chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
• The first 10 inches of the small intestine
• Where most of digestion in small intestine occurs

35
Q

pancreas

A

aids in chemical digestion by producing an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate
o Bicarbonate neutralizes acidity of chyme, acting as a buffer
o Contains enzymes which include trypsin and chymotrypsin (secreted in the inactive form- only in lumen)

36
Q

liver

A

site for detoxification of organic molecules

37
Q

bile

A

consists of bile salts which act as emulsifiers (detergents) that aid in digestion and absorption of lipids

38
Q

gallbladder

A

where bile is stored and concentrates

39
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood away from villi and toward liver
o Functions:
• Allows liver to regulate distribution of nutrients to rest of body.
• Allows liver to remove toxic substances before blood circulates.

40
Q

chylomicrons

A

globules formed when hydrolyzed fats are combined with triglycerides and coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
o Travel via blood (water-soluble)

41
Q

colon

A

completes reabsorption of water after small intestine

42
Q

cecum

A

pouch that is important for fermenting ingested material, especially plants
• Relatively small in animals

43
Q

rectum

A

where feces are stored until they are eliminated

44
Q

appendix

A

fingerlike extension of the human cecum which plays minor role in immunity

45
Q

mutualistic symbiosis

A

the way vertebrates host large populations of mutualistic bacteria and protists in fermentation chambers in their alimentary canals
o These microorganisms contain enzymes which digest compounds

46
Q

corpophagy

A

eating feces to get nourishing byproducts which passed through large intestine

47
Q

enteric division

A

branch of the nervous system which regulates peristalsis

48
Q

insulin

A

triggers uptake of glucose from blood into body cells, decreasing blood glucose concentration
o Also functions to suppress appetite

49
Q

glucagon

A

promotes release of glucose into blood from energy stores, increasing blood glucose concentration

50
Q

pancreatic islet

A

Has alpha and beta cells which secrete hormones into interstitial fluid

51
Q

alpha cells (pancreatic islet)

A

make glucagon

52
Q

beta cells (pancreatic islet)

A

make insulin

53
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

when cells are unable to take up enough glucose to meet metabolic needs, even when blood glucose levels rise
o Caused by insulin deficiency/decreased response to insulin
o As a result, fat becomes the main substrate in cell respiration
o Consequently, kidneys can’t absorb all the glucose so it gets excreted in urine
o In severe cases, acid metabolites accumulate in blood, depleting Na+ and K+ ions from body

54
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent diabetes (high glucose levels)
• Autoimmune disorder which results when immune system destroys beta cells of pancreas
• Destroys ability of body to produce insulin
• Treatment: insulin injections

55
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

non insulin-dependent diabetes (high glucose levels)
• When inulin is produced, but target cells fail to absorb glucose from blood
• As a result, glucose levels remain elevated
• Possible causes: heredity, excess body weight, lack of exercise
• Most common form

56
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone secreted by stomach wall that triggers feelings of hunger
o Can generally increase in dieters, making weight loss difficult

57
Q

leptin

A

suppresses appetite
o Decreased body fat causes decrease in leptin level, increasing appetite
o Produced by adipose tissue

58
Q

PYY

A

appetite suppressant secreted by small intestine after meals

Biology 151 (Semester 1) (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions