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Biology 151 (Semester 1) > Chapter 40-2 > Flashcards

Chapter 40-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

connective tissue

A

o Consists of sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix
o Holds many tissues and organs together and in place

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2
Q

collagenous fibers

A

provide strength and flexibility

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3
Q

reticular fibers

A

join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

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4
Q

elastic fibers

A

make tissues elastic

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5
Q

matrix

A

consists of web of fibers embedded in liquid, gel-like, or solid foundation

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6
Q

fibroblasts

A

secrete fiber proteins

 Found in matrix

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7
Q

macrophages

A

engulf foreign particles and cell debris via phagocytosis

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8
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
• Name derived from loose weave of fibers

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9
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

dense with collagenous fibers

• Found in tendons and ligaments

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10
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

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11
Q

ligaments

A

connect bones at joints

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12
Q

bone

A

mineralized connective tissue

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13
Q

osteoblasts

A

layers of bone-forming cells

• Synthesize collagen

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14
Q

osteons

A

structural, repeating units which make up bone

• Each osteon has concentric layers

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15
Q

adipose tissue

A

specialized connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells
• Pads and insulates body and stores fuel as fat molecules
• Each fat droplet swells when fat is stored and shrinks when at is used

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16
Q

cartilage

A

contains collagenous fibers embedded within a protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate
• Often replaced by bone in embryos as they mature
• Found in disks that cushion between vertebrae

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17
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells which secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate

 Make cartilage strong and flexible

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18
Q

blood

A

• Has extracellular matrix called plasma which contains water, salts, and dissolved proteins

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19
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells- found in plasma

• Carry oxygen

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20
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells- found in plasma

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21
Q

platelets

A

aid in blood clotting

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22
Q

muscle tissue

A

responsible for all types of movement

o Consists of filaments containing the proteins actin and myosin which play a role in muscle contraction

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23
Q

skeletal muscle (muscle tissue)

A

attached to bones by tendons

• Responsible for voluntary movement

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24
Q

muscle fibers (skeletal muscle)

A

bundles of long cells

 Form by fusion of cells, resulting in multiple nuclei

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25
Q

sarcomere (muscle fibers)

A

contractile units

• Give the cells a striated appearance

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26
Q

smooth muscle

A

spindle-shaped cells
o Lacks striations
o Found in walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs
o Responsible for involuntary body activities (ex. Churning of stomach, constriction of arteries)

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27
Q

cardiac muscle

A

forms contractile wall of the heart
o Striated with contractile units
o Fibers connected via intercalated disks which relay signals from cell to cell

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28
Q

nervous tissue

A

functions in receipt, processing, and transmission of information
• Information processing center

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29
Q

neurons (nerve cells)

A

transmit nerve impulses and support glial cells

 Receives nerve impulses from other neurons via cell body and dendrites

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30
Q

glial cells/glia

A

insulate, nourish, and replenish neurons, sometimes module neuron function

31
Q

endocrine system

A

where signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations throughout the body
o Well adapted to coordinating gradual changes such as growth, development, reproduction, metabolic processes, and digestion.

32
Q

hormones

A

signaling molecules

• Only cells that have receptors for a particular hormone respond

33
Q

nervous system

A

where neurons transmit signals along dedicated routs connecting specific locations in the body
o Nervous system conveys information by the particular pathway the signal takes.
o Adapted for rapid responses to environment.

34
Q

regulator

A

uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

35
Q

conformer

A

allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes

36
Q

homeostasis

A

‘steady state’, maintaining a relatively constant internal environment when external environment changes significantly
o Is a dynamic equilibrium- moderates, but does not eliminate changes in environment
o Normal blood glucose is 70-110 mg of glucose/100 mL blood
o Normal pH within 0.1 of 7.4

37
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

an interplay between external factors that change the internal environment and internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes

38
Q

set point

A

a particular set value

39
Q

stimulus

A

a fluctuation above or below the set point

 Ex: when a thermostat drops below a set point

40
Q

response

A

a physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point

41
Q

control center

A

generates an output that triggers a response

42
Q

negative feedback

A

control mechanism that reduces stimulus

43
Q

positive feedback

A

control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus
o Help drive processes to completion (in humans)

44
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
o Human body temperature rises and falls no more than .6ºC/1ºF every 24 hours

45
Q

acclimatization

A

the process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment
o Ex: Acclimatization to altitude: as an elk moves above sea level, lower O2 concentration stimulates the animal to breathe more rapidly. As a result, CO2 is lost through exhalation, raising blood pH above a normal level.
o Ex: Fish’s body produces antifreeze in 28ºF water
• Acclimatization causes animal to excrete more alkaline urine from kidneys, lowering blood pH to normal range
• This is a TEMPORARY change

46
Q

thermoregulation

A

the process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range
o Aims to make rate of heat gain equal rate of heat loss

47
Q

endothermic

A

creatures that are warmed by heat generated by their metabolism
o Consist of humans and most mammals, birds, and small insects

48
Q

ectothermic

A

gain most of their heat from external sources
o Consists of reptiles, fishes, and amphibians
o Having a largely environmental food source allows them to consume less food
o Can tolerate larger fluctuations in their internal temperature

49
Q

poikilotherm

A

an animal whose body temperature varies with its environment

50
Q

homeotherm

A

animal who has a relatively constant body temperature

51
Q

radiation

A

emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
• Ex: lizard absorbs heat from the sun, radiates energy to the air

52
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
• Ex: breeze allows for heat loss on lizard when blood moves heat from body core to extremities

53
Q

evaporation

A

removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as a gas

54
Q

conduction

A

direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of an object in contact with each other
• Ex: lizard transfers heat with rock it’s sitting on

55
Q

integumentary system

A

outer covering of the body- consisting of skin, hair and nails

56
Q

insulation (integumentary system)

A

thermoregulatory adaptation which reduces flow of heat between animal’s body and its environment
• Reduces overall heat exchange
• Ex: Raising feathers/fur traps thick layer of air

57
Q

vasodilation

A

when nerve signals relax the muscles of the blood vessel walls, thereby widening blood vessels near the skin’s surface
• Causes increase in blood flow in the skin
• Warms skin in endotherms

58
Q

vasoconstriction

A

reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing diameter of superficial vessels

59
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

transfer of heat (or solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
o Arteries and veins are located adjacent to each other, but blood flows in opposite directions
• This allows for efficient heat exchange
o Enables vigorous, sustained activity in powerful swimming organisms
o Maintains high temperature in endothermic insects

60
Q

thermogenesis

A

when endotherms vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss
• Essentially increases metabolic heat production
• Increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering
• Smallest insects contract flight muscles to generate energy/heat.

61
Q

nonshivering thermogenesis

A

when certain hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP

62
Q

brown fat (thermogenesis)

A

specialized for rapid heat production

63
Q

hypothalamus

A 
contains group of nerve cells that function as a thermostat
o	Sensors (‘ear thermometer’) activate mechanisms to promote heat loss or heat gain
o	Warm sensors signal when temp. of blood increases, cold sensors signal when temp. decreases
•	Below normal range: You will save heat by constricting vessels in the skin. You will generate heat by shivering.
•	Above normal range: dilation of vessels in skin, sweating, and panting.
64
Q

bioenergetics

A

the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
o Determines nutritional needs
o Related to animal’s size, activity, and environment

65
Q

autotrophs

A

harness light energy to build energy-rich organic molecules

o Include plants

66
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain chemical energy from food
o The food consists of organic molecules synthesized by other organisms
o Include animals
o Chemical energy in food is used to fuel metabolism and activity

67
Q

metabolic rate

A

the sum of all energy an animal uses in a given time interval
o Measured in J/cal/kcal/C(kilocalorie)
o Can be measured by monitoring animals rate of heat loss with calorimeter
o Can also be measured by recording rate of food consumption, energy content of food, and chemical energy lost in waste products

68
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

minimum metabolic rate of nongrowing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing any stress
o Measured at a specific temperature

69
Q

standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature

70
Q

torpor

A

a state of decreased activity and metabolism

o Adaptation which allows animals to save energy while avoiding dangerous conditions

71
Q

hibernation

A

long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
• Mammal’s body temp. decreases
• Circadian clock stops working

72
Q

estivation

A

summer torpor

• Enables organisms to survive on high temp. and scarce water

73
Q

dendrites

A

cellular extensions which help neuron receive nerve impulses from other neurons

74
Q

axons

A

cellular extensions which transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, or other cells

Biology 151 (Semester 1) (19 decks)

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