Chapter 5 Flashcards

Question

Prevalence of aggressive driving and road rage: - in world - how many killed? rate? - road rage in metro area? main behavior that caused it? - majority of ragers are? - traffic court - relationship btwn crime history and agg driving

Answer 1

− Both probs in US but growing worldwide − Estimated 1500 ppl killed each year in US as result of both and increasing at rate of 7% each year − Found that Miami drivers reported most incidents of road rage; Phoenix was second followed by NYC, LA and Boston. Nashville. Nashville and Minneapolis reported fewest incidents. 39% drivers said being cut off was behavior that caused rage −are young males (18-35) with criminal and violent histories, psych problems, drug problems − ½ of motorists referred to traffic court has one or more convictions for driving under influence - Found those involved in accidents due to aggressive driving far more likely to have a police record for violenct crime, vandalis, prop crime However, aggressive drivers come from variety of SES levels and jobs

Answer 2

−Research suggests some drivers repeatdly victims of road rage. Suggests road rage incidents result from interactive process of escatlating aggression which the vic and perp both contribute. Vics for example may have irritating driving habits. −firearms (37%) and vehicle (35%) − Domestic violence is very common in both; when upset spouses vent their anger on road. One survey found 54% of women admitted to aggressive drving compared to 64% of men. Responded that tailgating (62%) was most common form of aggressive driving - is frustration followed by emotional arousal that detaches angry driver form their usual congnitice control over behavior -− Stimulus that sets off aggression (cog-neoassoc model) is the annoying behavior of another driver

Answer 3

−based on past learning experiences −Learning process begins in early childhood by observational learning −when child has: 1. Has many opportunities to observe aggression 2. Is reinforced for their aggression 3. When they are often the object of aggression

Answer 4

− When child’s imitative behavior is reinforced or rewarded by praise prob of behaivor in furture is increased − There is evidence that American parents (conscously or unintentionally) encourage aggressive behavior in children particulary sons 1. family members 2. members of subculture 3. symbolic models in media − Family members very powerful model up until early adolescene then peer models more likely to dominate

Answer 5

Found that physical punishment by parents related to aggressivness in child. Espically true when physical disciplen supplement by high permissivness toward aggression.

Answer 6

aggressive behavior initally acquired thru observing aggressive models or thru direct experience; aggression is then gradually refined and maintained by reinforcemnt. Therefore ppl may have an aggressive behavioral pattern but may rarely express it if it has no value or not condoned by others in social enviro − Social Learning also acknowledges bio structures can set limits on aggressive responses that can be learned and that genetics influence rate at which learning progresses. Biologogy doesn’t program specific aggressive behavior

Answer 7

− Mere exposure to aggressive models doesn’t guarantee that observer will use behavior in future. Variety of conditions may prevent observational learning from even taking place. Individual differ in ability to learn from observation − Bandura states imp comonent of observational learning is motivation to rehearse the observed behavior − aggression is maintained thru instrumental learning. − In intial stage of learning, observation is imp but in later stages, reinforcment is essential

Answer 8

− Cognitive models hypothesiz that while observational learning is imp, person’s cognitive capacities and info processing equally imp 1. cognitive scripts model 2. hostile attribution bias

Answer 9

- by Rowell Huesman - social behavior and aggressive is controlled by cognitive scripts learned and memorized thru daily exps. - A script suggests what events are to happen in the enviro, how person should behave in response, and likely outcome of those behaviors −Scripts learned by direct exp or observing. Once learned usually followed; each is unique to person but once established it becomes resistant to change and may persist into adulthood. For script to be established, must be rehearsed. With practice the script will be encoded in memory and easily retrieved and utilized when facing a problem − Individ’s evaluation of appropriatness of a script imp in determing which scripts are stred in memory, and which are retreived and used − Emotions also play a role as they influence the selection of the script and the evaluation (script selection diff when person is angry) − Parents also play role too; when they observe parents behaving aggressively scripts assoc with aggression become primed in their minds − Children likely to mimic parent’s aggressive behavior almost immediately; they not only mimic but encode their scripts − As child ages, evaluation process includes confidence predicting the outcomes of scripts, and extent they judge themselves as congruent with self-regulating internal standards. Scripts that are not consistent or violate standards are not stored.

Answer 10

−Kenny Dodge - based on findings that some ppl prone to percieve hostile intent in others and therefore act aggressivley − is the likelihood to interp ambigous actions as hostile, threatneing. − twice as likely as avg child to see aggressive actions from others where there are none −When person infers that act was committed with hostile intent, prob of aggressive reaction is high (7.6) where as the same person infers that act was committed beningnly, prob of aggresion is low (2.5) −Hostile att bias in both boys in girls - begins in preschool and be stable and still in adulthood. When child followed from elementary school to middle school, tendency to use hostila att bias related to peer rejection in elementary school −show higher tendencies toward hostil att bias and fits with pattern of high involvment in violent delinq acts, and tendency to persist in violence into adult years −some children primed to develop hostile expectations of peers bc of early exposure to family abuse/maltreatment. Children develop basic trust thru interaction with caring adults and violation of it leas to schemas that others will act maliciously - bias should be viewed on contiumm; at extreme levels reps cog deficit in processing distorting social info

Answer 11

−reps attempts to master a social envior percieved as hostile. Serous repeat offenders approach world with hostile dominance interpersonal style. Therefore, rather than deficits in self-control, freq criminal behavior may rep ongoing attmept to control others in enviro. - can be understood as attmept to maintain status or mastery of social enviro from which they feel alienated − found psychopaths more likely to have bias. Also showed diff antisocial pathways assoc with hostile attribution. Bias was prev in prisoners who held neg thoughts about self, others, world in general

Answer 12

− Boys engage in more overt aggression and direct confrontation as they grow up but not clear if boys are gen more aggressive than girls. Clear that physical aggression is more prev in males −suggest there may be socialized diffs in ways boys and girls construct worlds −suggests gilrs are socialized diff than boys and taught not to be overtly aggressive − argues boys are not simply more aggressive, just aggressive in dif way. Both genders born with equal potential to be aggressive but girls socialized to not be overtly aggressive where boys are to defend themselves − Research shows boys and girls are equally aggressive toward peers as toddlers but patter changes as they enter elementary school − Gender diffs in aggression expressed by frustartion and rage not documented in infancy. Only in preschool period (3-5) do observable diffs begin with boys being more overtly aggressive − more likely to engage in relationship or interpersonal forms of aggression rather than physical forms; more covert indirect verbal forms such as defamation and ostracism. Also use relational aggression such as gossip − gender diffs in aggression not simply due to biology but prim thru cultural and socialization process that promote diff types of aggression. - Enviro cues imp in cognitive scripts; which script person uses dependent on enviro cues present

Answer 13

- 97% (12-17) - 99% of boys and 94% of girls play - over 1/2 on reg basis - 100,000 - 20,000 both before reaching adolescent

Answer 14

- 90% - increase from 1998-2006 by 309% − in which children can identify with perp, when perp gets rewarded, have greatest impact (not neccessarly level of violence)

Answer 15

− Important to distinguish between short-term and long-term effects of media violence on aggression; diff cognitive process involved. - Long-term effects occur as result of observational learning, desenstization, and stroing violent and aggressive material into thought process − Long-term effects of media violence carry thru to adulthood

Answer 16

1. schemas about hostile world 2. scripts for social problem solving that focus on aggression 3. and normative beliefs that aggression is acceptable. - Over time children develop schemas that world is hostile place, aggression is acceptable, and best way to solve conflicts. These three may become part of personality

Answer 17

1. led children to display hostile attribution bias. 2. lower levels of empathy 3. and postive attitudes towards aggression. -This study indicates that violent games may have greater impact than any other forms of media. Prob due to interactive part of games where you are virtual particpant rather than passive observer − One study found that the video game competitivness not the violent content may be responsible

Answer 18

including brutalization, classical conditiong, operatnt conditioning and role modeling can be found in many video games. -Argue vid game publishers unethically train children to use weapons and harden them emotionally to act of murder

Answer 19

that violent games may be one risk factor that if coupled with others may contribute to antisocail or violence. Studies do not support that exposure to media violence causes criminally violent behavior − evidence strongly suggests that exposure to violent games is causal risk factor for increased aggression, aggression cognition, aggerssive affect, and decreased empathy and prosocial behavior - diff for teen and adults (25+) bc of changes in brain development during adolescene into young adhood; brain development and self-reg maturation are not complete until after 25; brain changes likely to reduce violent behavior as one gets older but not all

Answer 20

is when news media provides aggressive models; tendency in some ppl to model or copy an activity protrayed in news. Occurs when action is media is assessed by certain ppl as good idea then mimicked. − depression and suicide too −School shootings also; all shooters had interest in guns, troubled backgrounds, knew details of prev shootings, strong fascination with violence in media

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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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