Chapter 15 Flashcards
Cyberstalking
- is
- advantage
- how many stalking vic report cyber use?
- sim to reg stalking? (2)
- Most cyberstalking done to?
- anonymity
is a serious form of cybercrime that will grow in scope and complexity as more ppl take advantage of internet. Sends repeated, threatening, harrassing messages.
−Anonymity leaves stalkers at advantage for avoiding detection
−1 in 4 to frighten them
−most cases stalker wishes to establish relationship and often males seeking females.
- control victim usually through threats and harrassment
−Deindividuation of cyberstaling offers anonymity and realease them from traditional constraints on their behavior; deindividuation reduces self-awarness and self-regu; they cyberspace makes them more part of a group
Stalking is? - most states define it as? includes? - some states specify? includes (5) - criteria - how many estimated stalkers in US?
-is a course of conduct directed at specific person that involves repeated physical or cisual proximity, nonconsensual communication, verbal or writtern threats sufficient to cause fear in reasonable person (legal defs vary from state to state)
−the willful, malicious and repeated following and harassing of another; may include lying in wait surveillance, nonconsensual communication, telephone harrassing, vandalism
− at least 2 stalking events must occur for it to be illegal
-estimated 200,000 stalkers
- What led to passing of antistalking laws? where?
- first state to enact in? why?
- increase in laws since? (yr)
- % of women vs men stalked
- overall Americans stalked yearly
- 1 out of stalked during lifetime (m vs f)
- age with most risk?
- type with high risk?
−Substantial increase in stalking of noncelebrities led to passage of antistalking laws in all 50 states and district of comlumbia − California became first state to enact laws on it in 1990; the motivation was prob of domestic violence. CA judge passed it over frustration in existing laws not protecting Orange County women killed in incidents of restraining orders −Since 1990 − 8% and 2% in lifetime - 1.4 mill - 1 out of 12 W 1 out of 45 M - 18-24; decreases with age - divorced or separated
- Motives of most stalkers (3)
- % stalkers (m vs f)
- relation to stalker
- how many f’s stalked by former partner? abused? (%)
- how many stalked by stranger
- delusional/psycho stalkers
- how many report, restraint order?
- how many vics need treatment? for?
- stalkers and injuries
to control, intimidate, or frighten victims (both males and females)
- 87% male 80% female
- most knew them (partic f’s)
- 1/2, 80% phys assaulted
- 1 in 10
- most arent; only 7% perceived
- 1/2 report, 1/4 get order
−1/3rd vics sought psych treatment due to emotional and social trauma
−Stalkers rarely cause serious physical injury, threaten with weapons, or use them
However, psych trauma often substantial
4 categories of stalking:
- by
- 4
by Beatty
(1) Simple obsession stalking,
(2) love obsession stalking, (3) erotomania stalking, and (4) vengeance stalking
Simple Obsession Stalking
- is
- how many are this?
often reps extensions of prev patterns of domestic violence and psych abuse; stalker seeks power and control after failed relationship; this type most dangerous to victim bc motivated by stalkers idea that if I cant have you noboday will
- accounts for majority (60%)
Love Obsession Stalking
when stalker and vic are casual aquits or strangers; these stalkers have low self-esteem and select vics with certain qualites to raise it. They seek a love realtionship with the obj of their obessions
Erotomania Stalking
- is?
- prev
considered delusional and stalker plaqued by serious mental disorders; they usually target public figures in attempts to gain self-esteem and status;
- relatively rare and stalker normally not violent
Vengeance Stalking
very diff from others bc they don’t seek personal relationship with vics but try to elict partic response or change behavior of vics. They perceive injustice
Mohandia’s classification categories of stalkers:
- classified by
- 4
- most/least violent
- intimate sim to? why?
- relationship with vic
- intimate, acquitance, public figure, and private stalkers
- intimate; pub figure
- obsession stalker; both likely result in violence
- % that stops stalking? why?
- % stopped due to police
- what doesn’t help
- most effictive in persitent stalking?
- 18% stopped when they found new spouse/partner
− Informal law enforcement interventions also help; 15% stopped when warned by police
− Formal interventions such as arrest/restraining order
− When it comes to persitent, frightening stalking that risks safety survey suggests most effective to relocate
Arson
- is?
- firesetting is?
- UCR reports only?
- defined as any willful or malicious buring or attempt to burn with or without intent to defraud a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle, aircraft, or personal property of another
- term used in literature on child psychopathology for same behavior as arson; intentional and willful behavior with understanding of consequences
− only fires that law enforcement investigate to be willfully or maliciously set are classified
- how many fires set intentionally each year?
- % of these reported to fire dept?
- items and %’s used for intentional setting
- amount of houses intentionally set?
- % of juvs arrested?
- most arsonists are?
- % of males fire setting
- females? age
- 210,300
- 13%
−Matches (30%) and lighters (15%) - 18,100
- 41%
- young males
- 75-85%
- increases in females 13-17
In US, children’s fires kill?
- % of children killed
- fires are what # cause for children?
- % of juv fires reported?
- 250-300 lives
- 85%
−Next to motor vehicle deaths fires are leading cause among children - small percent, less then 10
- Gaynor: 3 developmental phases related to fire
- universal?
- Fire interest
- Fireplay
- Firesetting
−Fascination and experimentation with fire is universal in children btwn 5-7
Fire interest phase
- begins
- involves
− 5-7
- normal fascination
Fireplay phase
- is
- age
- what do they do?
−experimentation
- 5-9;
- in this stage child exps with how fire starts and what it can do; during this stage they are espec vulnerable to hazards bc of limited understanding of consequences and lack of ability to exstinguish
Firesetting phase
- by age _ most?
- use fire to?
− By age 10 most learned damages of fire and consequences; if they still continue to set fires they reach firesetting phase. These youths have intention to use fires to destroy as form of excitement, or communication device to draw attention
- Children who continue to set fires have? (5)
- also more likely if?
- freq diagnosises
- lambie found fire setting is set of? (3)
- have poor social social skills, social competence, impulsiveness, poor relations w/ parents, abused
- peer rejected
- ADHD and CD(most common)
- that firesetting is just one part of more comphrensive set of behavior probs, the motives of which occur for many reasons and include impulse probs, misdirected anger, boredom
- Adolescent fires setters offenses?
- their development pattern?
- gender of fire setters (ratio)
- relationship of maltreatment to fire setting? (4)
- primary motive for firesetting?
- firesetting assoc with?
- commit variety such as rape and other sex offenses; many commit other serious juv acts
- have pattern of developmentally advanced serious antisocial behavior consistent with an early starter or LCP
- most boys; 9:1 to girls
- assoc with self-reg, academic achievment, attachement and social development
- anger
- parental ineffect. and nonexist monitoring
- Children who continue to fire set into adhood likely? (6)
- perst. fire setting freq in those w/?
- fire setting represents?
- most consistent finding in adult rep. arsonists?
less intellectually able, less assertive, limited interpersonal skills, less schooling, more likely to be unemployed, prone to depression
- ID’s
- communicative vehicle in response to conflict and stress
- they experience and percieve little control over enviro or personal lives; they exp worthlessness and social inffectivness therefore setting fires provides contorl or influence on enviro
Persistent and repetitive fire setting in adults:
- motivation
- setting precip by
- most fires set by them?
- many of them have? thus?
- large # have been as child?
- attempt to contorl their life and gain some social recognition
- events that exacerbate their feelings of low self-esteem, sadness, depression
- progress from small fires to large ones and they become more involved in fighting the fire; also set fires alone in secret until they are caught
- variety of mental disorders and come from troubled background. Thus fsetting may be just one component in constellation of maladaptive behaviors displayed by them
- burned/maltreated with fire(may have conveyed messages that use of fire acceptable mode of retaliation)
Boudrea’s 6 primary motives for arson
- Revenge, Spite, or Jealousy
- Vandalism or Malicious Mischief
- Crime Concealment or Diversionary Tactics
- Profit, Insurance Fraud
- Intimidation, Extortion, Terrorism, Sabotage
- Pyromania and Other Psychological Motives
Revenge, spite or jealousy
- includes
- in juvs, motive?
category include jilted lovers, feuding neighbors, disenchanted employees, and people who want to get back at someone whom they believe cheated or abused them.
- In juveniles, this motive is most closely associated with maltreatment from parents and caregivers.
