Chapter 15 Flashcards
Cyberstalking
- is
- advantage
- how many stalking vic report cyber use?
- sim to reg stalking? (2)
- Most cyberstalking done to?
- anonymity
is a serious form of cybercrime that will grow in scope and complexity as more ppl take advantage of internet. Sends repeated, threatening, harrassing messages.
−Anonymity leaves stalkers at advantage for avoiding detection
−1 in 4 to frighten them
−most cases stalker wishes to establish relationship and often males seeking females.
- control victim usually through threats and harrassment
−Deindividuation of cyberstaling offers anonymity and realease them from traditional constraints on their behavior; deindividuation reduces self-awarness and self-regu; they cyberspace makes them more part of a group
Stalking is? - most states define it as? includes? - some states specify? includes (5) - criteria - how many estimated stalkers in US?
-is a course of conduct directed at specific person that involves repeated physical or cisual proximity, nonconsensual communication, verbal or writtern threats sufficient to cause fear in reasonable person (legal defs vary from state to state)
−the willful, malicious and repeated following and harassing of another; may include lying in wait surveillance, nonconsensual communication, telephone harrassing, vandalism
− at least 2 stalking events must occur for it to be illegal
-estimated 200,000 stalkers
- What led to passing of antistalking laws? where?
- first state to enact in? why?
- increase in laws since? (yr)
- % of women vs men stalked
- overall Americans stalked yearly
- 1 out of stalked during lifetime (m vs f)
- age with most risk?
- type with high risk?
−Substantial increase in stalking of noncelebrities led to passage of antistalking laws in all 50 states and district of comlumbia − California became first state to enact laws on it in 1990; the motivation was prob of domestic violence. CA judge passed it over frustration in existing laws not protecting Orange County women killed in incidents of restraining orders −Since 1990 − 8% and 2% in lifetime - 1.4 mill - 1 out of 12 W 1 out of 45 M - 18-24; decreases with age - divorced or separated
- Motives of most stalkers (3)
- % stalkers (m vs f)
- relation to stalker
- how many f’s stalked by former partner? abused? (%)
- how many stalked by stranger
- delusional/psycho stalkers
- how many report, restraint order?
- how many vics need treatment? for?
- stalkers and injuries
to control, intimidate, or frighten victims (both males and females)
- 87% male 80% female
- most knew them (partic f’s)
- 1/2, 80% phys assaulted
- 1 in 10
- most arent; only 7% perceived
- 1/2 report, 1/4 get order
−1/3rd vics sought psych treatment due to emotional and social trauma
−Stalkers rarely cause serious physical injury, threaten with weapons, or use them
However, psych trauma often substantial
4 categories of stalking:
- by
- 4
by Beatty
(1) Simple obsession stalking,
(2) love obsession stalking, (3) erotomania stalking, and (4) vengeance stalking
Simple Obsession Stalking
- is
- how many are this?
often reps extensions of prev patterns of domestic violence and psych abuse; stalker seeks power and control after failed relationship; this type most dangerous to victim bc motivated by stalkers idea that if I cant have you noboday will
- accounts for majority (60%)
Love Obsession Stalking
when stalker and vic are casual aquits or strangers; these stalkers have low self-esteem and select vics with certain qualites to raise it. They seek a love realtionship with the obj of their obessions
Erotomania Stalking
- is?
- prev
considered delusional and stalker plaqued by serious mental disorders; they usually target public figures in attempts to gain self-esteem and status;
- relatively rare and stalker normally not violent
Vengeance Stalking
very diff from others bc they don’t seek personal relationship with vics but try to elict partic response or change behavior of vics. They perceive injustice
Mohandia’s classification categories of stalkers:
- classified by
- 4
- most/least violent
- intimate sim to? why?
- relationship with vic
- intimate, acquitance, public figure, and private stalkers
- intimate; pub figure
- obsession stalker; both likely result in violence
- % that stops stalking? why?
- % stopped due to police
- what doesn’t help
- most effictive in persitent stalking?
- 18% stopped when they found new spouse/partner
− Informal law enforcement interventions also help; 15% stopped when warned by police
− Formal interventions such as arrest/restraining order
− When it comes to persitent, frightening stalking that risks safety survey suggests most effective to relocate
Arson
- is?
- firesetting is?
- UCR reports only?
- defined as any willful or malicious buring or attempt to burn with or without intent to defraud a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle, aircraft, or personal property of another
- term used in literature on child psychopathology for same behavior as arson; intentional and willful behavior with understanding of consequences
− only fires that law enforcement investigate to be willfully or maliciously set are classified
- how many fires set intentionally each year?
- % of these reported to fire dept?
- items and %’s used for intentional setting
- amount of houses intentionally set?
- % of juvs arrested?
- most arsonists are?
- % of males fire setting
- females? age
- 210,300
- 13%
−Matches (30%) and lighters (15%) - 18,100
- 41%
- young males
- 75-85%
- increases in females 13-17
In US, children’s fires kill?
- % of children killed
- fires are what # cause for children?
- % of juv fires reported?
- 250-300 lives
- 85%
−Next to motor vehicle deaths fires are leading cause among children - small percent, less then 10
- Gaynor: 3 developmental phases related to fire
- universal?
- Fire interest
- Fireplay
- Firesetting
−Fascination and experimentation with fire is universal in children btwn 5-7
Fire interest phase
- begins
- involves
− 5-7
- normal fascination
Fireplay phase
- is
- age
- what do they do?
−experimentation
- 5-9;
- in this stage child exps with how fire starts and what it can do; during this stage they are espec vulnerable to hazards bc of limited understanding of consequences and lack of ability to exstinguish
Firesetting phase
- by age _ most?
- use fire to?
− By age 10 most learned damages of fire and consequences; if they still continue to set fires they reach firesetting phase. These youths have intention to use fires to destroy as form of excitement, or communication device to draw attention
- Children who continue to set fires have? (5)
- also more likely if?
- freq diagnosises
- lambie found fire setting is set of? (3)
- have poor social social skills, social competence, impulsiveness, poor relations w/ parents, abused
- peer rejected
- ADHD and CD(most common)
- that firesetting is just one part of more comphrensive set of behavior probs, the motives of which occur for many reasons and include impulse probs, misdirected anger, boredom
- Adolescent fires setters offenses?
- their development pattern?
- gender of fire setters (ratio)
- relationship of maltreatment to fire setting? (4)
- primary motive for firesetting?
- firesetting assoc with?
- commit variety such as rape and other sex offenses; many commit other serious juv acts
- have pattern of developmentally advanced serious antisocial behavior consistent with an early starter or LCP
- most boys; 9:1 to girls
- assoc with self-reg, academic achievment, attachement and social development
- anger
- parental ineffect. and nonexist monitoring
- Children who continue to fire set into adhood likely? (6)
- perst. fire setting freq in those w/?
- fire setting represents?
- most consistent finding in adult rep. arsonists?
less intellectually able, less assertive, limited interpersonal skills, less schooling, more likely to be unemployed, prone to depression
- ID’s
- communicative vehicle in response to conflict and stress
- they experience and percieve little control over enviro or personal lives; they exp worthlessness and social inffectivness therefore setting fires provides contorl or influence on enviro
Persistent and repetitive fire setting in adults:
- motivation
- setting precip by
- most fires set by them?
- many of them have? thus?
- large # have been as child?
- attempt to contorl their life and gain some social recognition
- events that exacerbate their feelings of low self-esteem, sadness, depression
- progress from small fires to large ones and they become more involved in fighting the fire; also set fires alone in secret until they are caught
- variety of mental disorders and come from troubled background. Thus fsetting may be just one component in constellation of maladaptive behaviors displayed by them
- burned/maltreated with fire(may have conveyed messages that use of fire acceptable mode of retaliation)
Boudrea’s 6 primary motives for arson
- Revenge, Spite, or Jealousy
- Vandalism or Malicious Mischief
- Crime Concealment or Diversionary Tactics
- Profit, Insurance Fraud
- Intimidation, Extortion, Terrorism, Sabotage
- Pyromania and Other Psychological Motives
Revenge, spite or jealousy
- includes
- in juvs, motive?
category include jilted lovers, feuding neighbors, disenchanted employees, and people who want to get back at someone whom they believe cheated or abused them.
- In juveniles, this motive is most closely associated with maltreatment from parents and caregivers.
Vandalism or malicious mischief
- fires set to?
- most common in who?
Fires set to challenge authority or to relieve boredom
- by far the most common of those set by juveniles.
Crime concealment or diversionary tactics
- % of convict arsonists this kind
- reason
- the fire
- also used to
- 7-9% believed to be trying to obliterate evidence of burglaries, larcenies, and murders.
- expects that the fire will destroy any evidence that a crime was committed.
- is set near the object or incident the offender wishes to conceal.
- to divert attention while the offender burglarizes another building or residence
Profit, insurance fraud
- most likely includes?
- motive
- prev, reasons of prev?
- the property
- offenders (2)
- attract professional or semiprofessional arsonists
- bc they generally escape detection there are few statistics to support this motive.
- since the profits gained from this type so and prob of detection so small actual incidence is believed to be much higher than reported statistically.
- The property may be residential property, businesses, or modes of transportation
1. the primary offender,who is the dominant personality in the offense
2. secondary offender, who is the “torch for hire.” The torch for hire is usually male, 25–40 years of age, and unemployed. The torch is likely to have a prior arrest record for a variety of offenses, including burglary, assault, and public intoxication.
Intimidation, Extortion, Terrorism, Sabotage
- fires are
- examples
- prev
- Douglas calls them?
- set for the purpose of frightening or deterring.
- fires set by extortionists to show they mean business or by striking workers to intimidate management.
- extremely rare.
extremist-motivated arsonists who are committed to further a social, political, or religious cause.
Pyromania and other psychological motives:
- pyromania
- firesetting urge
- pyro as a motive
- is a psychiatric term for an “irresistible urge” or passion to set fires along with an intense fascination with flames. Before setting the fire, the individual is said to experience a buildup of tension; once the fire is underway, he or
she experiences intense pleasure or release. Has unhealthy fascination with fire
-Altho urge is believed to be uncontrollable, the individual often provides many clues about his or her intention before setting the fire. “A cry for help” - believed to be a motive in only a small percentage of all arson; least common
Douglas: additional category
- is
- set fires to?
- usually is? (3)
- excitement-motivated arson
- set fires bc they crave stimulation that is saftisfied by fsetting and watching excitement of fire. Offender often selects location to safely watch fire and firefighting.
− The EM is usally a juv or young adult, unemployed and living with parents. - Generally socially inadeq and poor interpersonal skills
Juvenile Motives
- primary motive for fire setting by malatreated child?
- juvs and adults arrest for arson: motive of how many?
- motive for most juvs?
- how many juvs set for thrill?
- anger directed at parents
- vandalism was most freq motive acct for ½ of fires in sample
- by wish to get back at authority or gain status prompted by dare or need for excitement
- 2/3 however these kind often alone
Female arsonists
- found most are (5)
- most often motivation
- typical juv arsonist
−Somewhat older than male arsonists (mid 30s), hisotry of alchohl abuse, uneducated, unmarried, relied on pub assistance
−was revenge; they act impulsivley responding to wrong against them
− comes from disorganized and unstable home, difficulties in school, neg peer relationships, history of running away, drug abuse (sim to male juv firesetters)
Behavioral typology of fire setters:
- Canter and Fritzon
- 2
-developed typology of fsetters based on behavioral patterns and crime scene actions of offender
They learned fsetting could be distinguised by 2 basic behavioral and motivational features
1. One behavioral pattern was whether firesetters actions directed at person, or at objects
2. Second feature based on motivation is whether actions were expressive or instrumental
Expressive vs. instrumental
− If setting intended to draw attention to underlying emotional distress, it is expressive
− If specific outcome is desired such as covering up crime or fin. gain then its instrumental
The typologies:
- developed how?
- 4
Researchers combined these 2 features into 4 category typology:
- Expressive firesetting directed at person (expressive person)
- Expressive setting directed at object (expressive obj)
- Instrumental setting directed at person (insturmental person)
- Instrumental setting directing at object (insturmental obj)
Expressive-person pattern
- is/intent
- assoc with
- prev
Setting is cry for help to seek attention from family or authority. They may endanger lives of others but not intent
often assoc with mental disorders and emotional probs.
- more common type of setting
Expressive-obj pattern
- is
is characterstic of serial setters who set multiple fires; fortunately most select uninhabitatd objects to ignite suggesting not interested in harming others. They use arson as way of acting out and have strong fascination with fire; they enjoy the fighting and excitement
Instrumental-person pattern
- is
- some cases
- motivation
linked to failed family or ex-companion relationship and their related disagreements.
- Some cases its directed at some authority. Targets may be church, school building.
- Setting motivated by anger and revenge for wrong against them. Intent is retailiation
Instrumental-object pattern
assoc with young offenders whith serious antisocial history and linked to covering traces of other crimes; also assoc with fin. gain
Pyromania
- according to DSM
- most pyros believed to be?
- history of term
- pyro and abuse
it is presence of multiple episodes of deliberate and purposeful firesetting. Charactersized by high tension or emotional arousal before act and relief when setting fires or when observing aftermath
−reg spectators at fires in neighborhoods even tho they have not set them; also set off false alarms and to show unusal interest in firefighting paraphernalia
−termed in early 19th century to refer to form of insanity identified by impulse to set fires without apparent motive; suffering from mental illness called monomania incendiaire
- very rare that they are vics of abuse
Pyromania relationship to?
- roots of arson
- fire setting may be substitute for? and reflect?
- psychoanalytic connection
- sex arousal and fsetting explanation?
- empirical evidence of pyro?
− In mid 1800s clinicians suggested there was relationship btwn firesetting and sexual disturbances
−are deep in personality and have relations to sex disturbance and urinary malfunction
− sexual thrill and devastating powers of fire reflect intensity of their sexual desires and sadism
- pleasurable urination and fsetting; based on theory that many setters were enuretic
−classical conditiong can make obj assoc with gratification; those sexually aroused by fire may be highly conditionable
- little evidence for existence in many arsonists
Bombing and explosives
- motives (2)
- requires
- compuslive bombers often?
Mischief or vandalism most frequent motive
Requires skill
- have childhood fascination w/ bombs
