Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Profile of sex offenders
- the profile overall
- differ in
- crimes (2)
- reoffending
A
- There is no single profile that encompassess even a majority of sex offenders
- Research shows sex offenders differ in personal attributes such as age, background, personality, race, religion, beliefs, interpersonal skills
1. Features of the crimes also differ among offenders including time and place, gender and age of vic, degree of planning, amoutn of violence used
2. Sex offenders often commit variety of crime beyond sex offenses (more likely case with rapists than child molesters - sexual reoffending by sex offenders not prevalent as prev assumed; adult sexual offenders more likely to be convicted for nonsexual offenses both before and after conviction for sexual offense
2
Q
Forcible rape
- is
- new def
- new def does
- both new/old
A
- is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and aginainst her will; includes attempts to rape by force or threat of force however the def has changed:
- The penetration, no matter how slight of the vagina or anus with any body part, obj, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without consent
- New def broadens type of sexual assualt; also includes any gender of the vic or per and includes instances in which vic is incapable of consenting bc of temp or perm mental or phys incapactiation (thus force presumed even if person doesn’t resist)
- Both new and old defs distinguish forcible rape from statutary rape or rape by fraud
3
Q
Statutory rape
- is
- critical factor of stat rape
- age limits in states
A
is carnal knowledge of a girl under age of consent, age at which individs considered competent to give consent to sexual behavior; pertains exclusivley to consensual intercourse as opposed to other types of contact
- is age of victim, an arbitrary legal cutoff point below which youth believed to have not mautred to consent to intercourse or understand the consequences
- Age limits vary from state to state but most set limit at 16 or 18; also age span must exist btwn 2 ppl typically 2 years
4
Q
Rape by fraud
A
is having sexual relations with consenting adult female under fradulent conditions (therapist having sex with client)
5
Q
Marital rape
- is
- in the past
- prev (%)
- justice officials/ public feel?
- survey: % raped by husbands, % by friends, suggest? (%)
- new term
A
is rape that occurs within a marriage; rarely reflected in statistics.
- Past 4 decades there has been dramatic change in marital rape laws. In 1970 marital rape was not a crime in any state but by 1993 all 50 states passed law criminiizing it.
- Estimated 10-14% experience it but like all rape stats its underreported
- Criminal justice officials and public feel that marital and date rape unimp bc they believe they happen rarely or less psych traumatic
- 24%, 17%. Suggests that over 40% of rapes committed by husbands or dates
- The growing recognition of sexual assualt by spouses/acquints led scholars to prefer term intimate partner violence which insludes sexual and physical assualts
6
Q
Date/Acquaintance Rape
- % of all rapes
- how many in at least one abusive dating incident
A
- 60%
- 1/3 young adults btwn 16-24
7
Q
Date rape
- is?
- survey of college women: how many exp sexual assault? % knew assaultant
- date rape vs stranger rape
A
is sexual assualt that occurs within context of dating relationship
- over 1/4th, 83%
- may be more traumatizing than stranger bc implicit trust involved
8
Q
Prevalence of Rape:
- how many reported every year
- amt of rapes in US in 2010
- rate of?
- how many women raped a year?
- gender diffs in rapes? (how many for each)
- statistics not included (2)
- % of women raped at some point
- those most vulnerable to rape (4)
A
- 80,000
- 84,767
- 54.2 per 100,000 females
- 1.3 million
- 1 in 5 W, 1 in 71 M
- data based on UCR’s def which includes only females. Some research suggests 10% or rapes in country don’t conform to the def; 9% of rapes were vic was male
- 18%
1. children
2. college students
3. disabled
4. incarcerated
9
Q
Campus sexual assault study:
- % exp assault before or since college
- % undergrad women that had been raped during lifetime
- % of sex assaults in military
A
- 28%
- 11.5%
- 20%
10
Q
Rape rate is underestimated bc? (2)
- x rape is overestimated
- rape vics more likely to report having? (5)
A
- due to definition probs and reporting ordeals.
- study estimates that number of rapes is 4x greater than even the NCVS estimates
- asthma, diabetes, chronic pain, freq headaches, trouble sleeping
11
Q
Sex offenders & recidivsim
- static factors (9)
A
- Young age of onset of sex offending
- Prior convictions for sex offenses;
- Unrelated, unfamiliar victims
- Deviant sexual interests, or preferences
- Unmarried
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Psychopathy
- increased hostility
- emotional identification with children
12
Q
Ages of assaults % btwn ages: 1. 6-10 2. 11-15 3. 16-20 4. 21-25 - exp of sexual assault assoc with? (4) - vics of assault how many more x likely to?
A
- 13%
- 19%
- 34%
- 15%
Serious destructive depression
Sub abuse
numerous fears/anxiety
interpersonal probs
-Overall ECA project found that both males and female vics of sex assault are 2-4x more likely than nonvics to develop psych problems
13
Q
Psychological effects on victims:
- often said rape vics?
- term survivor
- vic credibility in cases (2)
A
- are victimized twice, once by perp and again by crim justice system
- Many prefer bc it suggest one is in control and that rapist, justice syst and public have not succeeded at demolishing self-concept
- Traditionally in criminal cases, victim credibility was so much an issue that defense lawyers concentrated on the prior sexual history of victim. In one study, 92% of prosecutors asserted that victim credibility was one of most imp elements in convincing juries
14
Q
Interrogating victim
- strategy
- law
A
Strategy of disparging the vic came under attack in 70s and 80s and many states revised their evidince rules in attempt to limit use of vic’s sexual history
- by 20th centruy all states had enacted “rape shield” laws that restricted the admissibility of the vic’s sexual history in the courtroom. Victim assistants who offer support have been instrumental in easing vic’s burden. Rape shields don’t always provide protection for which they were designed
15
Q
- Raped women and PTSD
- rape vics and suicide contemplation/attempt (%s)
A
raped women rep largest portion of PTSD sufferers in US
-rape vics are 4x more likely than nonvics to contemplate suicide and 13% acutally attempt
16
Q
- Weapons used in assaults? (%)
- however how many injured?
- severe physical injury? (%)
- minor injury %
- cuts and bruises %
- most physical and psych trauma from? resulting in (3)
- in past women told to?
A
- espic firearms and knives used in about 25% of assaults
- about 1/4th
- very rare with only 5% reciving serious lasting injury
- 39%
- 23%
- sex assualt by husbands than strangers and the psych damage is longer lasting and more damaging resulting in serious depression, extensive fears, problems of sexual adustment
- not to resist rape in attempt to minimize risk of other physical injury or even death. However, evidence that passive resistane not necessarily related to amount of harm so advice changed
17
Q
Rape offender charactersitcs:
- factors involved (5)
- many sex offenders are? (especially true for)
- laws applying to sex offenders?
A
- Past learning exps, cognitive expactation/beliefs, conditioning, enviro stimuli, and reinforcement contingencies (both reward and punishment)
- are not prone to violence or phsycial abuse cruelty but are timid, shy, socially inhibited (this is particulary true for pedos and far less likely for rapists with strong aggressive features)
- some of these laws apply to sex offenders as a group rather than to individ types
18
Q
How many sex offenders in custody?
- most noteworthy law?
- registration laws
- most comprehensive legislation? has?
- T1, T2
A
- 234,000
- was the attempt to keep track of sex offenders thru registration: Sex offender regirstraion and notification (SORN) laws
- Some laws require yearly registration for 10 years while others are throughout life
- (Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act 9) three-tier offender categorization : most serious offenders update whereabouts every 3 months for rest of lives.
- Tier 2 offenders update every 6 months for 25 years and tier 1 every 12 months for 15 years
19
Q
Sexual aggression of rapists (2 types)
A
Divide into 2 categories: instrumental and expressive
20
Q
Instrumental sexual aggression
A
is when sexual offender uses just enough coercion to gain compliance from victim
21
Q
Expressive sexual aggression
A
is when offenders primary aim is to harm the vic physically and psychologically; sometimes eroticized bc offender is sexually aroused in prescene of physical or psych brutality
22
Q
Rapists perceptions (2)
A
- Sexual socialization and social learning play a crucial role in rapist’s perceptions of what the rape accomplishes and what is masculine
- Sexual socialization (sexual training) rarely acquired entirely from home or school; much comes from peers, friends, media, experimentation
23
Q
areas of risk factors of rape-prone men (3)
A
pertain to enviromental, biological, psychological and other charactersitcs assoc with increased prob that person becomes sexually aggressive
24
Q
Age of rapist
- most consistent finding
- % arrested for rape under 25
- % under 18
- 2%s under 15
- Canada’s ages of highest se offending
- Juv percentages overall (%)
- Survey of hs students: how many females exp sex aggression? how many males admitted it?
- % of rapes committed by adolescents;
- % of molestations?
- their lives? (%)
A
- that rapists tend to be young
- 43%
- 14%
- 4% of total arrests for forcible rape and 11% of total arrests for sexual offenses
- among juvs ages 12-17
- Percentages of juv arrests for rape has largely been the same for years however some underestimation: studies show that at least 30% of rape in US committed by juvs
- nearly ½ females; 1/3rd (34%)
- 20-30% of all rapes
- 30-50 of all child molestations - 70% of these offenders come from 2 parent homes and most attend school and get avg grades and few suffer mental disorders
25
Sexual offending in females?
- sexual aggression reported in as young as?
- their victims?
- surprising number of preadolescent girls reported being sexually aggressive toward other children
- 3 or 4
- tend to be very young (4-7) and often female; typically siblings, friends, acquits
26
Rapists offending history:
- many men convicted of rape?
- sample of convicted rapists:
1. % w/ prev conviction of rape
2. % for burglary
3. % for kidnapping
4. % for sodomy
5. % for 1st or 2nd degree murder
6. overall, % prior criminal recored vs. % for sex offenses
- have been in perpetual conflict with society long before rape offense
1. 12%
2. 39%
3. 29%
4. 25%
5. 11%
6. 82% 23%
27
- juv sex offenders tend to
- JSO's more likely to (3)
- when they start?
- Adolescent Canadian study: how many charged with new offense 8 years later? % with sexual offense?
- freq engage in wide range of other criminal and antisocial but nonsex behaviors; they tend to shoplift, fireset, bully, cruel to animals, phys assaut other (this behavior pattern sim to adult sex offenders)
- commit the sex offenses with co-effender, comitt nonsex offense in combo with sex assault, and have prev arrest record
- While many would fit the LCP offender category, others don’t offend sexually into adulthood
- 1/2, 10%
28
Follow-up study of rapists:
- % rearrested for new sex crime (months)
- % rearrested again (yrs)
- % rearrested for nonsex crime (yrs)
- % rearrested for violent crime
- conclusion on recidivism
- 1.3% in 3 months of release
- 5% rearrested for another sex crime 3 years later
- 41% 3 years later
- 15%
- thus rapists had low recidivism rate for sexual offenses but very high for offesnes in general
29
JVO's strongest risk factor for recidivism? also?
| - sexual abuse related to
- father abdonment; also sexual victimization
| - more realted to the early onset of sexual offending rather than its freq
30
Attitudes that support rape:
- major explanation for rape
- study of male college students: highly sexually aggressive men were? (4)
- attitudes about women and rape held by the perpetrators; some research says that these attitudes also held by many individs in gen pop
- expressed greater hostiligy toward women, used alchohol freq, freq viewed violent porn, closely involved with peers who reinforce dominating views of women.
31
Rape-supportive statements
| - this orientation
-seems to have strong disinhibitory effect on sexually aggressive men, encouraging them to interp ambigous behavior of women as come-ons, and to percieve rape vics as desiring sexual assault
32
Abel's research:
- rapists show
- developed the?
- Avey-Clark & laws developed?
- Abel found rapists highly aroused to?
- correlation of deviant arousal
- high and nearly equal sexual arousal to audiotaped rape and consenting sex (measured by penile tumescence and plethysmograph)
- Abel developed physio measure called the rape index. Arrived at by dividing avg % of full penil erection to rape stimuli by avg of erection to consenting stimuli
- sim indicator for pedophiles called Dangerous Child Abuser Index. Many investigators use this measure in diagnosis and treatment of rapists
- became highly aroused even to scenes of nonsexual aggression (such as beating a woman) thus it appears some men assoc aggression and violence of women with sexual arousal
- Intensity of deviant arousal is positively related to number of rapes committed and the degree of injury inflicted on victims
33
- Majority of men find aggression? (%)
- mastrubation
- 2 process involved in it? called?
- rapists learn to be rapists by?
- Majority of men (70%) in gen pop find prescene of aggression inhibiting to sex arousal
- This instinsic phsyio pleasure and arousal can serve as a bonding agent if paired with some fantasized object or person.
- two powerful reinforcing processes: sexual arousal and reduction of that arousal at orgasm (masturbatory conditioning) this conditioning plays a part in development of both normal and deviant sexual behavior
- by equally naïve peers, parents, social models, and media.
34
Rape myths are?
- stem from?
- rapists may reflect?
- % of male students who would rape if they could get away?
- Attraction to Sexual Aggression scale (dictated by 3)
- Todays college students?
attitudes and beliefs that are generally false but widely and persistenly held and serve to deny and justify male sexual aggression against women. False beliefs that women must be dominated and coerced into sexual activity
- the traditional view of masculinity that men should be strong, assertive, sexually dominant, and heterosexual
- explict and implicit beliefs held by many others
−35%
- designed to measure belief that actually engaging in sexual aggression would be an arousing exp; whether they act on that belief is dictated by many factors and influences including degree of motivation, internal and external inhibtions, opportunity
- less likely to hold false beliefs and gen sympathetic toward victims. However they still hold myths about marital rape. They found it hard to believe rape bc there is a higher level of intimay in marriage.
35
Cognitive-Perceptual Distortions in communication:
- some have biases?
- subgroup of sex aggressive men?
- they have?
−cognitve-perceptual biases that lead to misconceptions of women’s verbal and nonverbal communications
−percieve more sexual intent in women’s behavior than women percieve in their own behavior
-difficulty decoding sexual interst from disinterst based on clothing style. Some men believe clothing choice is used by women to signal sexual interest. These men also have hard time making snap judments
36
Knight and Sims-Knigh 3 path model:
- is
- 3, caused by?
- Knight says, traits?
identifies major causal pathways in development of sexual coercive behavior in both adult and juv offnders.
- Three personality traits define the paths:
1. Sexual drive/preoccupation
2. Antisocial behavior
3. Callousness/unemotionality
- strengthend by 2 forms of early childhood abuse: physcal/verbal and sexual abuse
- play critical role across life span for sexually coercive males, critical in assessing risk of recidivism, and should be targets of therapy.
37
1. Physical abuse
2. verbal abuse
3. sexual abuse
1. Arrogant, deceitful,
callousness, emotional
detachment
2. Aggressive and antisocial
behavior, impulsive acting
out
3. Sexual preoccupation, sexual
compulsivity, hypersexuality,
aggressive sexual fantasies
38
1. First path
- research of callousness
2. second path (sim to)
3. third path
1. enhances development of arrognce, deceitfulness, and emotional detachment (trait cluster sim to psychopaths)
− juv and adult sex offenders are more callous and unemotional than other offenders
2. phys/verbal abuse provides a model for some ppl to amplify aggressive behavior, a high-level of antisocial behavior, sensation seeking, alchol/drug use, impulsive acting out. They tend to engage in wide range of offending behaviors (strongly resembles LCP)
3. Childhood sexual abuse influences third path and prev in backgrounds of juv sex offenders; leads to sexual preocupation and compulsivity which increases the risk of aggressive and coercieve sexual fantasies and behavior
