Chapter 12 Flashcards
Profile of sex offenders
- the profile overall
- differ in
- crimes (2)
- reoffending
- There is no single profile that encompassess even a majority of sex offenders
- Research shows sex offenders differ in personal attributes such as age, background, personality, race, religion, beliefs, interpersonal skills
1. Features of the crimes also differ among offenders including time and place, gender and age of vic, degree of planning, amoutn of violence used
2. Sex offenders often commit variety of crime beyond sex offenses (more likely case with rapists than child molesters - sexual reoffending by sex offenders not prevalent as prev assumed; adult sexual offenders more likely to be convicted for nonsexual offenses both before and after conviction for sexual offense
Forcible rape
- is
- new def
- new def does
- both new/old
- is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and aginainst her will; includes attempts to rape by force or threat of force however the def has changed:
- The penetration, no matter how slight of the vagina or anus with any body part, obj, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without consent
- New def broadens type of sexual assualt; also includes any gender of the vic or per and includes instances in which vic is incapable of consenting bc of temp or perm mental or phys incapactiation (thus force presumed even if person doesn’t resist)
- Both new and old defs distinguish forcible rape from statutary rape or rape by fraud
Statutory rape
- is
- critical factor of stat rape
- age limits in states
is carnal knowledge of a girl under age of consent, age at which individs considered competent to give consent to sexual behavior; pertains exclusivley to consensual intercourse as opposed to other types of contact
- is age of victim, an arbitrary legal cutoff point below which youth believed to have not mautred to consent to intercourse or understand the consequences
- Age limits vary from state to state but most set limit at 16 or 18; also age span must exist btwn 2 ppl typically 2 years
Rape by fraud
is having sexual relations with consenting adult female under fradulent conditions (therapist having sex with client)
Marital rape
- is
- in the past
- prev (%)
- justice officials/ public feel?
- survey: % raped by husbands, % by friends, suggest? (%)
- new term
is rape that occurs within a marriage; rarely reflected in statistics.
- Past 4 decades there has been dramatic change in marital rape laws. In 1970 marital rape was not a crime in any state but by 1993 all 50 states passed law criminiizing it.
- Estimated 10-14% experience it but like all rape stats its underreported
- Criminal justice officials and public feel that marital and date rape unimp bc they believe they happen rarely or less psych traumatic
- 24%, 17%. Suggests that over 40% of rapes committed by husbands or dates
- The growing recognition of sexual assualt by spouses/acquints led scholars to prefer term intimate partner violence which insludes sexual and physical assualts
Date/Acquaintance Rape
- % of all rapes
- how many in at least one abusive dating incident
- 60%
- 1/3 young adults btwn 16-24
Date rape
- is?
- survey of college women: how many exp sexual assault? % knew assaultant
- date rape vs stranger rape
is sexual assualt that occurs within context of dating relationship
- over 1/4th, 83%
- may be more traumatizing than stranger bc implicit trust involved
Prevalence of Rape:
- how many reported every year
- amt of rapes in US in 2010
- rate of?
- how many women raped a year?
- gender diffs in rapes? (how many for each)
- statistics not included (2)
- % of women raped at some point
- those most vulnerable to rape (4)
- 80,000
- 84,767
- 54.2 per 100,000 females
- 1.3 million
- 1 in 5 W, 1 in 71 M
- data based on UCR’s def which includes only females. Some research suggests 10% or rapes in country don’t conform to the def; 9% of rapes were vic was male
- 18%
1. children
2. college students
3. disabled
4. incarcerated
Campus sexual assault study:
- % exp assault before or since college
- % undergrad women that had been raped during lifetime
- % of sex assaults in military
- 28%
- 11.5%
- 20%
Rape rate is underestimated bc? (2)
- x rape is overestimated
- rape vics more likely to report having? (5)
- due to definition probs and reporting ordeals.
- study estimates that number of rapes is 4x greater than even the NCVS estimates
- asthma, diabetes, chronic pain, freq headaches, trouble sleeping
Sex offenders & recidivsim
- static factors (9)
- Young age of onset of sex offending
- Prior convictions for sex offenses;
- Unrelated, unfamiliar victims
- Deviant sexual interests, or preferences
- Unmarried
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Psychopathy
- increased hostility
- emotional identification with children
Ages of assaults % btwn ages: 1. 6-10 2. 11-15 3. 16-20 4. 21-25 - exp of sexual assault assoc with? (4) - vics of assault how many more x likely to?
- 13%
- 19%
- 34%
- 15%
Serious destructive depression
Sub abuse
numerous fears/anxiety
interpersonal probs
-Overall ECA project found that both males and female vics of sex assault are 2-4x more likely than nonvics to develop psych problems
Psychological effects on victims:
- often said rape vics?
- term survivor
- vic credibility in cases (2)
- are victimized twice, once by perp and again by crim justice system
- Many prefer bc it suggest one is in control and that rapist, justice syst and public have not succeeded at demolishing self-concept
- Traditionally in criminal cases, victim credibility was so much an issue that defense lawyers concentrated on the prior sexual history of victim. In one study, 92% of prosecutors asserted that victim credibility was one of most imp elements in convincing juries
Interrogating victim
- strategy
- law
Strategy of disparging the vic came under attack in 70s and 80s and many states revised their evidince rules in attempt to limit use of vic’s sexual history
- by 20th centruy all states had enacted “rape shield” laws that restricted the admissibility of the vic’s sexual history in the courtroom. Victim assistants who offer support have been instrumental in easing vic’s burden. Rape shields don’t always provide protection for which they were designed
- Raped women and PTSD
- rape vics and suicide contemplation/attempt (%s)
raped women rep largest portion of PTSD sufferers in US
-rape vics are 4x more likely than nonvics to contemplate suicide and 13% acutally attempt