Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Developmental Pathway
- Influencing factors (3)
A
- are the characerisitcs of which often can be identified a very early age; each person follows diff path.
- Developmental perspective views life course as followig pathway filled with risk factors (experiences common in backgorund of offenders such as school failure, abuse of alchol, childhood abuse)
1. Biological 2. Psychological 3. Enviromental
2
Q
Protective factors
A
characteristics, experiences found in nutruting enviro can shield children from serious antisocial behavior (warm caring parents in high edu)
3
Q
Risk factors
- -4
- -5
- -4
- Another risk factor
A
- Social risk factors- poverty, antisocial peers, peer rejection, school experiences
- Parental and family risk factors- faulty parenting styles (permissive lack of attachment, and minimal monitoring), fam psychopahtology, single parents, sibling influences, and childabuse
- Psychological factors- inadequate cognitive and language ability, Low psychometric intelligence, inadequate self-regulation skills, poor interpersonal and social skills. More bio based. (ODD,CD)
- sub abuse
4
Q
Social Risk Factors: Poverty
- def
- rate
- Blair & Raver effect of poverty
- offending
- victims
- relationship btwn pov and violence
- poverty impact
A
- Refers to stituation in which basic resources to maintain avg standard living within specific region are lacking
- In US, 1 in 5 children reach offical poverty (housholds with incomes below fed pvoerty line)
- Blair and Raver: psychosocial context of poverty adversly affect multiples aspects of developemnt; they are also cumulative in that effects at one stage hinder development at later stages
- Poverty has strong connection to violent offending; connection to nonviolent offending not quite as strong
- Children living under dire economic conditions are more likley to be victims than offenders; Adults in substandard housing more likley to be victims of crime
- Exact relationship not well understood bc poverty is intertwined with large number of influences that are called poverty co-factors
(Poverty is accomp by discimination, racism, family dispruption, unsafe conitions, joblessness, and isolation) - Poverty impacts parent’s behavior toward children. Stress caused by poverty diminshes parents capactiy for supportive/consistent parenting leading to highly aggressive methods of child rearing. Use of coercive methods used bc they are directs, immediate, and easy to adminster compared with senstivity, interpersonal skills and patience.
5
Q
Delinquency and economic status-2
A
- low SES and delinquency does not mean that poverty causes chronic offending. The great majority of poor children and adults are law-abiding, and children and adults from high SES do engage in crime.
- Children from low SES class are targeted by law enforcement practices more thatn children of middle and upper; more likley to be taken into custody which causes them to appear in statistics more and exposes them to other offenders promoting delinquent behavior. Children of high SES more likley to be provided with legal assistance
6
Q
Social Risk Factor: Peer Rejection and Association with Antisocial Peers
- influence
- early rejection
- first grade
- secondgrade %
- Cascade
- parent relations
- drugs
A
- During adolescnece there is increase in suspectibility to peer influence and decline in susceptibility to parental influcence
- Early rejcetion by peers is one of strongest predictors of antisoical behavior
- Rejection in first grade peers linked to development of antisocial behavior by fourth grade
- Children rejected for at least two or three years by second grade had 50% chance of displaying antisocial behavior in adolsecne
- Cascade effect where conduct disorders lead to peer rejection and then to depressive symptoms
- Quality of parent child and marital relations also signiicant in whether child is rejected by peers
- Involvement with antisocial peers leads to drug use
7
Q
Cowan’s research
A
neg qualities in marital and p-c relations are risk facotrs for low social skills, aggressive behavior, and rejection in school
8
Q
Why are children rejected by peers?
A
- Their own aggressive behavior is a prominent reason
- Children tend to reject peers who freq use forms of physical and verbal aggression as dealing with others
- Many believed that aggressive children more likely than non aggressive to be rejected by peers however relationship not so straightforward: Peers may also reject those who are shy and not all aggressive children are rejected; some liked
- However, aggression combo with rejection does lead to antisocial behavior
9
Q
Which children prone to rejection?
- Coe (3)
A
Coe points to 3 diffs in rejected boy:
- Rejected aggressive boys are more impulsive and have attending problems so they are more disruptive
- Also aroused to anger and have trouble calming down
- Have fewer social and interpersonal skills for making positive relationships
- In summary peer rejected children not always just aggressive but arguementative, inattentive, disruptive, have poor social skils
10
Q
Gender diffs in peer rejection
- Prinstein and La Greca study
- Higgins & Piquero
- girl aggression
A
- found antisocial behavior in girls as in boys predicted by involvement in aggressive behaviors
- Higgins, Piquero: found peer rejection rleated to delinquency in boys but not in girls
- Some research suggests that relationally aggressive girls more likley to be peer rejected. (Relational aggression is hurting others with words or nonphysical methods.
11
Q
Gang or deviant group influences on rejected youth
- 3 different perspectives
A
Three diff major perspectives on infuence of peer groups on antisocial behavior:
- Argues children become delinquenct as direct result of assoc with deviant peer groups. Almost any child susceptible
- Antisocial, peer rejected youth seek out grouter contact with similar peer rejected peers
- Between the two perspectives; states peer rejected antisocial children are drawn to deviant groups with members sim to themselves and this encourages already existing antisocial tendencies (current research favors this perspective)
12
Q
Social Risk Factor: Preschool experiences
- child care in US
- Multiple child care
- income
- aggressive toddlers/predictor of later aggression
A
- Out of home child care in US is on avg mediocre; Quality provided by day care centers is highly variable due to low wages
- Multiple child care arrangements (juggling child care duties amond day care centers, relatives, babysitters) can have neg impact on childrens social adjustment. Can decrease prosocial behavior
- Income is not the determing factor in providing enrichment experiences; Parents in stressful work can affect c-p relations. In this sense high quality preschool benefits all children regardless of of familys economic circumstances
- Day care teachers worry about aggression in toddlers more than any other behavior problem. Aggressive behavior at three years of age predict aggressive behavior in later life
13
Q
After-school care
- after school care
- term
- antisocial children
A
- Quality of after school care assoc with development of antisocial behavior
- In 1990s the term latch-key children applied to children who retruend from schol to an empty house and remained on own until parents finished own workday
- Antisocial children seek out niches that involve assoc with antisocial peers and environments with minimal adult supervison
14
Q
School failure
- school failure?
- kinder delay
- IQ (rate)
- ability assoc with criminal activity
A
- Early school failure also linked to antisocial development; Retention in elementary school has long term bad affects on development
- However, delaying entry into kinderg doesn’t have same affects (it’s the staying back label that promtpts children to be seen negativley and then rejected)
- School failure more assoc with delinquincy rather than low IQ (odds of delinquent behavior in 8 yr old boys failing school were double)
- Regardless of race/ethnic background, reading appears to play prominent role in school failure and is assoc with criminial acrivity in boys
15
Q
Social Risk Factor: Parental and Family factors
- single parent households (rate)
- delinquents
- research today
- single parent home influence
A
- Over 12 mil families in american have single parent
- Delinquents more likley to come from homes where parents are divorced
- Today, research more likley to look at familys SES and degree of emotional support
- If single parent home is risk factor it is also influenced by other variables. Rather than looking at structure of family, must focus on process instead. Houshold should include at least one competent caring adult
