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Anatomy Vocab > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four functions/stages of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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2
Q

glucose

A

a simple sugar

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3
Q

triglycerides

A

large fat molecules, which are broken down into simpler substances like fatty acids

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4
Q

oral cavity

A

mouth

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5
Q

where are the hard and soft palate in relation to each other?

A

hard palate is anterior, soft palate is posterior

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6
Q

rugae

A

irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate; also present in the stomach

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7
Q

uvula

A

a small projection of soft tissue that hangs from the soft palate and aids in the production of sound and speech

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8
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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9
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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10
Q

papillae

A

small raised areas on the tongue that contain taste buds

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11
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes on either side of the oropharynx

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12
Q

gums

A

fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

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13
Q

crown

A

the part of the tooth that shows above the gum line; covered with enamel

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14
Q

dentin

A

main substance of the tooth; lies beneath the enamel

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15
Q

cementum

A

covers, supports, and protects the dentin within the root of the tooth

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16
Q

periodontal membrane

A

surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket

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17
Q

pulp

A

blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels filling the center of the tooth; within the pulp canal/root canal

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18
Q

what are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A

parotid gland (in the cheek)
submandibular gland (jaw region)
sublingual gland (under the tongue)

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19
Q

epiglottis

A

cartilaginous flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to keep food out

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20
Q

esophagus

A

fibromuscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach

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21
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the esophagus

22
Q

bolus

A

mass of food

23
Q

what are the three main parts of the stomach?

A

fundus (upper portion)
body (middle portion)
antrum (lower portion)

24
Q

sphincter

A

rings of muscle that control openings

25
Q

what are the sphincters at either end of the stomach called?

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
pyloric sphincter

26
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme secreted by the stomach to begin digestion of proteins

27
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

secreted by the stomach to digest protein and kill bacteria

28
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum (1 ft)
jejunum (8 ft)
ileum (11 feet)

29
Q

what enters the duodenum besides food?

A

bile from the liver and gallbladder
pancreatic juices from the pancreas

30
Q

villi

A

microscopic projections that line the walls of the small intestine and absorb nutrients into capillaries and lymph vessels

31
Q

what are the three main parts of the large intestine?

A

cecum
colon
rectum

32
Q

cecum

A

pouch on the right side that connects to the ileum at the ileocecal valve (sphincter)

33
Q

appendix

A

hangs from the cecum; no clear function

34
Q

what are the four named segments of the colon?

A

ascending colon (cecum to under the liver)
transverse colon (right to left side)
descending colon (down the left side)
sigmoid colon (s-shaped to the rectum)

35
Q

liver

A

produces bile; located in RUQ of the abdomen

36
Q

bile

A

contains cholesterol, bile acids, and bile pigments; emulsifies fat

37
Q

bilirubin

A

bile pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction; gives feces the brown color when it’s broken down in the digestive tract

38
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

jaundice; the liver can’t excrete bilirubin into the bile, so it remains in the bloodstream; feces may be lighter because of the lack of pigment

39
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile and pancreatic juices to the duodenum

40
Q

what other ducts connect to the common bile duct?

A

hepatic duct (from the liver)
cystic duct (from the gallbladder)
pancreatic duct (from the pancreas)

41
Q

gallbladder

A

sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile for later use; contracts to release bile into the cystic duct

42
Q

emulsification

A

bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest them

43
Q

what are some of the other functions of the liver?

A

stores excess glucose as glycogen (starch)
manufactures blood proteins like albumin
release bilirubin
clear drugs and toxins from the blood

44
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the liver converts stored glycogen (starch) back into glucose

45
Q

glyconeogenesis

A

the liver converts fats and proteins into glucose when the body needs sugar

46
Q

portal vein

A

brings blood to the liver from the intestines; liver gets first pick at nutrients

47
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)

48
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A

secretes insulin

49
Q

insulin

A

hormone that carries glucose into cells
Devon’s number goes up because he has no insulin, which means glucose stays in the blood instead of entering his cells

50
Q

types of teeth, from front to back

A

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

Anatomy Vocab (19 decks)

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