Chapter 5 Flashcards
what are the four functions/stages of the digestive system?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
glucose
a simple sugar
triglycerides
large fat molecules, which are broken down into simpler substances like fatty acids
oral cavity
mouth
where are the hard and soft palate in relation to each other?
hard palate is anterior, soft palate is posterior
rugae
irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate; also present in the stomach
uvula
a small projection of soft tissue that hangs from the soft palate and aids in the production of sound and speech
mastication
chewing
deglutition
swallowing
papillae
small raised areas on the tongue that contain taste buds
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes on either side of the oropharynx
gums
fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth
crown
the part of the tooth that shows above the gum line; covered with enamel
dentin
main substance of the tooth; lies beneath the enamel
cementum
covers, supports, and protects the dentin within the root of the tooth
periodontal membrane
surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
pulp
blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels filling the center of the tooth; within the pulp canal/root canal
what are the three pairs of salivary glands?
parotid gland (in the cheek)
submandibular gland (jaw region)
sublingual gland (under the tongue)
epiglottis
cartilaginous flap that covers the trachea during swallowing to keep food out
esophagus
fibromuscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach
peristalsis
involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the esophagus
bolus
mass of food
what are the three main parts of the stomach?
fundus (upper portion)
body (middle portion)
antrum (lower portion)
sphincter
rings of muscle that control openings
what are the sphincters at either end of the stomach called?
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
pyloric sphincter
pepsin
enzyme secreted by the stomach to begin digestion of proteins
hydrochloric acid
secreted by the stomach to digest protein and kill bacteria
what are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum (1 ft)
jejunum (8 ft)
ileum (11 feet)
what enters the duodenum besides food?
bile from the liver and gallbladder
pancreatic juices from the pancreas
villi
microscopic projections that line the walls of the small intestine and absorb nutrients into capillaries and lymph vessels
what are the three main parts of the large intestine?
cecum
colon
rectum
cecum
pouch on the right side that connects to the ileum at the ileocecal valve (sphincter)
appendix
hangs from the cecum; no clear function
what are the four named segments of the colon?
ascending colon (cecum to under the liver)
transverse colon (right to left side)
descending colon (down the left side)
sigmoid colon (s-shaped to the rectum)
liver
produces bile; located in RUQ of the abdomen
bile
contains cholesterol, bile acids, and bile pigments; emulsifies fat
bilirubin
bile pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction; gives feces the brown color when it’s broken down in the digestive tract
hyperbilirubinemia
jaundice; the liver can’t excrete bilirubin into the bile, so it remains in the bloodstream; feces may be lighter because of the lack of pigment
common bile duct
carries bile and pancreatic juices to the duodenum
what other ducts connect to the common bile duct?
hepatic duct (from the liver)
cystic duct (from the gallbladder)
pancreatic duct (from the pancreas)
gallbladder
sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile for later use; contracts to release bile into the cystic duct
emulsification
bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest them
what are some of the other functions of the liver?
stores excess glucose as glycogen (starch)
manufactures blood proteins like albumin
release bilirubin
clear drugs and toxins from the blood
glycogenolysis
the liver converts stored glycogen (starch) back into glucose
glyconeogenesis
the liver converts fats and proteins into glucose when the body needs sugar
portal vein
brings blood to the liver from the intestines; liver gets first pick at nutrients
exocrine function of the pancreas
produces enzymes to digest starch (amylase), fat (lipase), and proteins (protease)
endocrine function of the pancreas
secretes insulin
insulin
hormone that carries glucose into cells
Devon’s number goes up because he has no insulin, which means glucose stays in the blood instead of entering his cells
types of teeth, from front to back
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
