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Anatomy Vocab > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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2
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (af is a form of ad- meaning toward)

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3
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries in the nervous system

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

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6
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that is part of a neuron and carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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7
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells; makes it difficult for substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain

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8
Q

brainstem

A

posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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10
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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11
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

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14
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

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16
Q

cranial nerves

A

carry messages to and from the brain to all parts of the head and neck and also (in the case of the vagus nerve) to other parts of the body; 12 pairs

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17
Q

dendrite

A

microscopic branching fiber of a neuron that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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18
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord; Latin for “hard mother”

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19
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

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20
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

22
Q

glial cell

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses; can reproduce themselves as opposed to neurons
examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

23
Q

gyrus

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

24
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland

25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here

26
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

28
Q

midbrain

A

uppermost portion of the brainstem

29
Q

motor nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

30
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons

31
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons) that carry electrical impulses

32
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that is necessary for impulses to be carried throughout the nervous system; parenchyma of the nervous system

33
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell; stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell; examples are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

34
Q

oligodendroglial cell; oligodendrocyte

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

35
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

36
Q

parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system; for the nervous system, includes neurons and nerves

37
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

38
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

39
Q

plexus

A

large, interlacing network of nerves; examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial

40
Q

pons

A

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain; bridge connecting various parts of the brain

41
Q

receptor

A

organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves; the skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors

42
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

43
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

44
Q

spinal nerves

A

pairs of nerves, arising one on each side of the spinal column; transmit messages to and from the spinal cord

45
Q

stimulus

A

agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response; may be light, sound, touch, pressure, or pain

46
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells make it up in the brain

47
Q

sulcus

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

48
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

49
Q

synapse

A

space though which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

50
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; sensory messages relayed through to appropriate centers in cerebrum

51
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

52
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

Anatomy Vocab (19 decks)

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