Chapter 14 Flashcards
adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
adenoids
mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
antibody
protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens
antigen
substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response
most are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells
axillary nodes
lymph nodes in the armpit
B cell (B lymphocyte)
lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies; B refers to the bone marrow
cell-mediated immunity
T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity
cervical nodes
lymph nodes in the neck region
complement system
set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target
cytokines
proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction
cytotoxic T cell (CD8 + T cell)
lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
dendritic cell
antigen-presenting cell; shows T and B cells what to attack
helper T cell (CD4 + T cell)
lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity
immunity
body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
immunoglobulins
antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgC, IgM, and IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen
immunotherapy
use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease
inguinal nodes
lymph nodes in the groin region
interferons
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
interleukins
proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
interstitial fluid
fluid in the spaces between cells; becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries
lymph
thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
lymph capillaries
tiniest lymphatic vessels
lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
lymph node
collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells that fight infections
lymph vessel
carrier of lymph throughout the body; empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
mediastinal nodes
lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity
mesenteric nodes
lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)
monoclonal antibody
antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy
natural immunity
protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells; not antigen specific and does not elicit memory
paraaortic nodes
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body
plasma cell
lymphocyte that secretes antibodies; matures from B lymphocytes
right lymphatic duct
lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body; empties lymph into a large vein in the neck
spleen
organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood
suppressor T cell
lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells; also called a Treg
T cell (T lymphocyte)
lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) that are toxic to antigens
tolerance
ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly; once established, the immune system will not react against the body’s own cells
thoracic duct
large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body; empties lymph into large veins in the neck
thymus gland
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
toxin
poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
vaccination
exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response; response will then destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection
vaccine
weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies
