Chapter 14

Question 1

adaptive immunity

Answer 1

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

Question 2

adenoids

Answer 2

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

Question 3

antibody

Answer 3

protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

Question 4

antigen

Answer 4

substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response
most are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells

Question 5

axillary nodes

Answer 5

lymph nodes in the armpit

Question 6

B cell (B lymphocyte)

Answer 6

lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies; B refers to the bone marrow

Question 7

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 7

T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity

Question 8

cervical nodes

Answer 8

lymph nodes in the neck region

Question 9

complement system

Answer 9

set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target

Question 10

cytokines

Answer 10

proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction

Question 11

cytotoxic T cell (CD8 + T cell)

Answer 11

lymphocyte that directly kills antigens

Question 12

dendritic cell

Answer 12

antigen-presenting cell; shows T and B cells what to attack

Question 13

helper T cell (CD4 + T cell)

Answer 13

lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells

Question 14

humoral immunity

Answer 14

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity

Question 15

immunity

Answer 15

body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs

Question 16

immunoglobulins

Answer 16

antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgC, IgM, and IgD; secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen

Question 17

immunotherapy

Answer 17

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease

Question 18

inguinal nodes

Answer 18

lymph nodes in the groin region

Question 19

interferons

Answer 19

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response

Question 20

interleukins

Answer 20

proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

Question 21

interstitial fluid

Answer 21

fluid in the spaces between cells; becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

Question 22

lymph

Answer 22

thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

Question 23

lymph capillaries

Answer 23

tiniest lymphatic vessels

Question 24

lymphoid organs

Answer 24

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

Question 25

lymph node

Answer 25

collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells that fight infections

Question 26

lymph vessel

Answer 26

carrier of lymph throughout the body; empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest

Question 27

macrophage

Answer 27

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

Question 28

mediastinal nodes

Answer 28

lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity

Question 29

mesenteric nodes

Answer 29

lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)

Question 30

monoclonal antibody

Answer 30

antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy

Question 31

natural immunity

Answer 31

protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells; not antigen specific and does not elicit memory

Question 32

paraaortic nodes

Answer 32

lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body

Question 33

plasma cell

Answer 33

lymphocyte that secretes antibodies; matures from B lymphocytes

Question 34

right lymphatic duct

Answer 34

lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body; empties lymph into a large vein in the neck

Question 35

spleen

Answer 35

organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood

Question 36

suppressor T cell

Answer 36

lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells; also called a Treg

Question 37

T cell (T lymphocyte)

Answer 37

lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) that are toxic to antigens

Question 38

tolerance

Answer 38

ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly; once established, the immune system will not react against the body’s own cells

Question 39

thoracic duct

Answer 39

large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body; empties lymph into large veins in the neck

Question 40

thymus gland

Answer 40

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

Question 41

tonsils

Answer 41

masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

Question 42

toxin

Answer 42

poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

Question 43

vaccination

Answer 43

exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response; response will then destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection

Question 44

vaccine

Answer 44

weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies