Chapter 18 Flashcards
adrenal cortex
outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
adrenal medulla
inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
ovaries
located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion
pancreas
located behind the stomach; islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones; also contains cells that are exocrine in function; they secrete enzymes via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion
parathyroid glands
four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland; some people may have three or five
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis); weighs only 1/16 of an ounce and is a half-inch across
testes
two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
thyroid gland
located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
adrenaline (epinephrine)
secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); adenocorticotropin
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex
aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) absorption
androgen
male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by the kidney
cortisol
secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels
calcitonin
secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar; secretes in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect
epinephrine (adrenaline)
secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic); part of body’s fight or flight reaction
estradiol
estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries
estrogen
female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; examples are estradiol and estrone
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes
glucagon
secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
insulin
secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
luteinizing hormone (LH)
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
norepinephrine
secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic)
oxytocin (OT)
secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth
parathormone (PTH)
secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium
progesterone
secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy
prolactin (PRL)
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion
somatotropin
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone
testosterone
male hormone secreted by the testes
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning
thyroxine (T4)
secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronin; increases metabolism in cells
triiodothyronine (T3)
secreted by the thyroid gland; increases metabolism in cells
vasopressin
secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone; increases water reabsorption and raises blood pressure
catecholamines
hormones derived from an animo acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine is one
corticosteroids
hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex; examples are cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens and estrogens
electrolyte
mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are examples
glucocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism; cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response
homeostasis
tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
hormone
chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland
hypothalamus
region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland; secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland
mineralocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body; aldosterone is an example
receptor
cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
sella turcica
cavity at the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland
sex hormones
steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics
steroid
complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol) and of which many hormones are made
ster/o means solid, -ol means oil
sympathomimetic
pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline is an example, it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways
target tissue
cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
