Chapter 49 Questions Flashcards
Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
a. increases heart rate.
b. enhances digestion.
c. triggers release of epinephrine.
d. causes conversion of glycogen to glucose.
b. enhances digestion.
Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function?
a. limbic system—motor control of speech
b. medulla oblongata—homeostatic control
c. cerebellum—coordination of movement and balance
d. amygdala—emotional memory
b. medulla oblongata—homeostatic control
Patients with damage to Wernicke’s area have difficulty
a. coordinating limb movement.
b. generating speech.
c. recognizing faces.
d. understanding language.
d. understanding language.
The cerebral cortex does not play a major role in
a. short-term memory.
b. long-term memory.
c. circadian rhythm.
d. breath holding.
c. circadian rhythm.
After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
a. the left frontal lobe
b. the right frontal lobe
c. the right parietal lobe
d. the corpus callosum
c. the right parietal lobe
Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt
a. regulation of body temperature.
b. short-term memory.
c. executive functions, such as decision making.
d. sorting of sensory information.
a. regulation of body temperature.
Which glial cells have the capacity to act as stem cells for neurons?
a. Schwann cells
b. oligodendrocytes
c. microglia
d. astrocytes
e. ependymal cells
d. astrocytes
Where in the spinal cord are myelinated axons most likely to be found, and what trait of these axons makes their myelination important?
a. lining the central canal; these axons are relatively wide
b. inner layer; these axons are relatively long
c. inner layer; these axons are relatively wide
d. outer layer; these axons are relatively short
e. outer layer; these axons are relatively long
e. outer layer; these axons are relatively long
During human embryonic/fetal development, which part of the CNS undergoes the largest increase in mass?
a. forebrain
b. midbrain
c. hindbrain
d. spinal cord
e. cerebellum
a. forebrain
Which of these can lead to activation of the brain’s reward system? 1. decreased inhibition of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons 2. increased dopamine secretion by VTA neurons
- blocked dopamine reuptake from synaptic clefts of the reward pathway
- decreased dopamine secretion by VTA neurons
- increased dopamine reuptake from synaptic clefts of the reward pathway
a. 1 or 2
b. 1 or 4
c. 2 or 5
d. 1, 2, or 3
e. 1, 4, or 5
d. 1, 2, or 3
Inebriated people have difficulty touching their noses with their eyes closed. Which part of the brain has been most impaired to bring about this difficulty?
a. hypothalamus
b. cerebellum
c. cerebral cortex
d. Broca’s area
e. limbic system
b. cerebellum
What may occur to interneurons in circuits that are not accessed often?
a. the addition of synapses to improve accessibility
b. the removal of synapses to improve overall cognition
c. the addition of new neurons by stem cells to make access easier
d. the myelination of such neurons to improve their speed
e. the demyelination of such neurons to improve their sensitivity
b. the removal of synapses to improve overall cognition
Arousal and sleep are controlled by the part of the brain called the _____.
a. hypothalamus
b. medulla oblongata
c. cerebrum
d. amygdala
e. reticular formation
e. reticular formation
The establishment of differences in cortical hemisphere function is called _____.
a. specialization
b. lateralization
c. the “split-brain effect”
d. hemispheric dominance
b. lateralization
Which of the following are the structures of the limbic system?
a. olfactory bulbs, optic nerve, thalamus, hypothalamus
b. brainstem, olfactory bulbs, thalamus, hypothalamus
c. brainstem, cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus
d. olfactory bulbs, amygdala, hippocampus, brainstem, cranial nerves
e. olfactory bulbs, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus
e. olfactory bulbs, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus
Patients with damage to the amygdala of their brains do not _____.
a. feel pain
b. recall images followed by an unpleasant experience
c. experience increased heart rate or sweating
d. connect memories with emotions
e. comprehend language
d. connect memories with emotions
Coordination and timing of movements and balance are functions of which of the following brain structures?
a. basal ganglia
b. motor cortex
c. midbrain motor centers
d. cerebellum
e. ventricles
d. cerebellum
Interconnected cavities within the brain are called _____; they contain _____.
a. ventricles; white matter
b. meninges; cerebrospinal fluid
c. apertures; white matter
d. meninges; gray matter
e. ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid
e. ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid
As an example of lateralization, the left cerebral hemisphere in most people _____.
a. controls the left side of the body
b. is involved in three-dimensional spatial perception
c. is involved with recognition of faces
d. is involved with mathematics and speech
d. is involved with mathematics and speech
The limbic system is involved with control of _____.
a. sleep and waking
b. maintaining posture
c. emotions and basic drives
d. higher intellectual processes
e. motor coordination
c. emotions and basic drives
In the cerebral cortex, the _____ is a thick band of axons that connects the left and right hemispheres.
a. intermediate mass
b. thalamus
c. corpus callosum
d. medial commissure
e. midbrain
c. corpus callosum
Jays can remember which food items they hid first, crows are skilled tool makers, and African grey parrots can understand some abstract concepts. The anatomical basis for processing complex information in birds appears to be an organization of neuron clusters in a part of the brain called the _____.
a. neocortex
b. telencephalon
c. amygdala
d. cerebellum
e. pallium
e. pallium
Which is an incorrect statement about simple nerve nets?
a. Neurons are randomly positioned relative to one another.
b. They control contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity.
c. They don’t contain nerves.
d. They are organized into ganglia.
d. They are organized into ganglia.
Addictive behaviors are most closely associated with activity in the _____.
a. dopamine pathway
b. serotonin pathway
c. amygdala
d. hippocampus
a. dopamine pathway
The axon hillock is the site where
a. synaptic output is directed across the synaptic cleft.
b. summation occurs that determines whether an action potential is generated.
c. nodes of Ranvier are located.
d. synaptic input first reaches a postsynaptic cell.
b. summation occurs that determines whether an action potential is generated.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Action potentials alter ion concentration gradients across the nerve cell membrane.
b. Membrane potentials are found only in neurons.
c. Action potential height is independent of the strength of neuron stimulation.
d. Action potential propagation requires voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels.
c. Action potential height is independent of the strength of neuron stimulation.
When the events at the neuromuscular junction listed in the answer choices are put in proper sequence, the third event is
a. Ca2+ ions rush in.
b. neurotransmitter is released.
c. ligand-gated ion channels open.
d. an action potential depolarizes the terminal membrane.
b. neurotransmitter is released.
The fundamental excitable cell in the nervous system is the _____.
a. neuron
b. dendrite
c. cell body
d. nephron
e. axon
a. neuron
The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____.
a. renal filtrate
b. blood
c. salivary fluid
d. cerebrospinal fluid
e. lymphatic fluid
d. cerebrospinal fluid
The knee-jerk reflex has sensory neurons arising in the _____, interneurons in the _____, and efferent neurons that stimulate contraction in the _____.
a. patella … brain … gastrocnemius
b. biceps … olecranon process … the cervical ganglion
c. quadriceps muscle … spinal cord … quadriceps muscle
d. autonomic nervous system … peripheral nervous system … smooth muscles in the leg
e. bone … stretch receptors … quadriceps muscle
c. quadriceps muscle … spinal cord … quadriceps muscle
Dolphins can be awake and asleep at the same time because _____.
a. their cerebellum never needs cortical input to guide swimming
b. they lack connections between the cerebral cortices and the muscles
c. one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors
d. their hypothalamus coordinates swimming
e. their spinal cord controls swimming and breathing without cortical input
c. one side of the brain can sleep while the other side maintains swimming and breathing behaviors
Emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory, in humans, are mediated by the _____. a. cerebellum
b. occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex
c. temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex
d. limbic system
e. frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
d. limbic system
As vertebrates evolved, the increasingly complex structure of the brain conferred increasingly complex function, especially apparent in the _____.
a. forebrain, which is a small brain region that arises early in development
b. medulla oblongata, which controls automatic functions
c. cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in humans, other primates, and cetaceans
d. sleep-wake cycles of birds and mammals
e. brainstem, which in most vertebrates, controls homeostasis and basic bodily function
c. cerebral cortex, which is greatly expanded in humans, other primates, and cetaceans
Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____.
Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex are _____.
a. organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next
b. located in the thalamus and hypothalamus, respectively
c. dispersed along the ventral and dorsal, respectively
d. located on the left and right sides, respectively, of the cerebellum
e. located in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, respectively
a. organized in similar manner adjacent to each other, and are anatomically similar from one person to the next
In adult humans, short-term memory relies on connections in the _____ whereas long-term memories appear to be based in the _____.
a. addition of new neurons … addition of new neurons
b. selective addition of synapses … selective addition of neurons
c. thalamus … hypothalamus
d. hypothalamus … cerebellum
e. hippocampus … cerebral cortex
e. hippocampus … cerebral cortex
Addiction onset by cocaine and amphetamines is characterized by increased _____.
a. persistence of dopamine in the brain’s synapses
b. release of serotonin
c. hormone secretion from the hypothalamus
d. destruction of dopamine neurons
e. motor paralysis
a. persistence of dopamine in the brain’s synapses
Parkinsonism is characterized by the loss of _____.
a. stem cells in the adult brain
b. cholinergic neurons
c. adrenergic neurons
d. serotonin neurons
e. dopaminergic neurons
e. dopaminergic neurons
Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
a. increases heart rate.
b. triggers release of epinephrine.
c. causes conversion of glycogen to glucose.
d. enhances digestion.
d. enhances digestion.
Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function?
a. cerebellum-coordination of movement and balance
b. corpus callosum-communication between the left and right cerebral cortices
c. medulla oblongata-homeostatic control
d. amygdala-emotional memory
e. limbic system-motor control of speech
e. limbic system-motor control of speech
Patients with damage to Wernicke’s area have difficulty
a. experiencing emotion.
b. coordinating limb movement.
c. understanding language.
d. recognizing faces.
e. generating speech.
c. understanding language.
The cerebral cortex plays a major role in all of the following except
a. breath holding.
b. circadian rhythm.
c. long-term memory.
d. foot-tapping rhythm.
e. short-term memory.
b. circadian rhythm.
After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
a. the corpus callosum
b. the right parietal lobe
c. the left frontal lobe
d. the left parietal lobe
e. the right frontal lobe
b. the right parietal lobe
Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt
a. short-term memory.
b. sorting of sensory information.
c. regulation of body temperature.
d. coordination during locomotion.
e. executive functions, such as decision making.
c. regulation of body temperature.
Identify the role(s) of glia in the vertebrate nervous system.
Select all that apply.
a. Glia guide neuron migration during development of the CNS.
b. Glia protect the nervous system from pathogens.
c. Glia release neurotransmitters.
a. Glia guide neuron migration during development of the CNS.
b. Glia protect the nervous system from pathogens.
c. Glia release neurotransmitters.
Identify the correct statement(s) about glial cells and their functions.
Select all that apply.
a. Astrocytes participate in the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
b. Schwann cells myelinate dendrites in the PNS.
c. Oligodendrocytes act as stem cells, producing neurons and glia.
a. Astrocytes participate in the formation of the blood-brain barrier.
Which examples correctly illustrate the cooperation between the motor and nervous systems to maintain homeostasis in a vertebrate body?
Select all that apply.
a. In response to a sudden fright, the body responds by increasing heart rate, inhibiting digestion, and increasing blood glucose.
b. If you put your hand on a hot burner, a reflex pulls your hand back before you sense pain.
c. A drop in body temperature leads to shivering and constriction of surface blood vessels.
c. A drop in body temperature leads to shivering and constriction of surface blood vessels.
Which of these observations illustrate regional specialization in the human nervous system?
Select all that apply.
a. Sensory information may be processed in the occipital lobe or the temporal lobe.
b. When the activity of a synapse fails to correlate with that of other synapses, the synaptic connection may become weaker.
c. Reading a printed word out loud and then thinking of a related word involves the visual cortex, Broca’s area, and the frontal and temporal lobes.
a. Sensory information may be processed in the occipital lobe or the temporal lobe.
c. Reading a printed word out loud and then thinking of a related word involves the visual cortex, Broca’s area, and the frontal and temporal lobes.
Which of these observations illustrate the developmental plasticity of the human nervous system?
Select all that apply.
a. A person suffering from phantom limb pain following amputation may stop feeling pain after viewing a reflection of the remaining limb in a mirrored box.
b. The brain may ignore certain stimuli and actively process other stimuli.
c. When activity at a synapse correlates with the activity of other synapses, that synaptic connection is reinforced.
a. A person suffering from phantom limb pain following amputation may stop feeling pain after viewing a reflection of the remaining limb in a mirrored box.
c. When activity at a synapse correlates with the activity of other synapses, that synaptic connection is reinforced.
In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are ____.
a. excited and inhibited, respectively
b. both excited and contracting
c. both inhibited and relaxed
d. inhibited and excited, respectively
a. excited and inhibited, respectively
In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits “efferent” impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the ___.
a. peripheral nervous system
b. parasympathetic nervous system
c. central nervous system
d. autonomic nervous system
a. peripheral nervous system
If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs, what are the potential regions where pathology might exist? I. the brain II. the knee III. the spinal cord a. only I b. only II c. only III d. only II and III
d. only II and III
The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have ___.
a. a closed circulatory system
b. bilateral symmetry
c. radial symmetry
d. a complete gut
c. radial symmetry
Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in \_\_\_. I. mammals II. cnidarians III. Planaria IV. sea stars a. I and III b. III and IV c. II and IV d. I and II
a. I and III
An injury to the temporal lobe will likely impair the function of the ___.
a. sense of hearing
b. sense of sight
c. sense of touch
d. sense of taste
a. sense of hearing
Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving the ____.
a. nature of the blood-brain barrier
b. chemicals involved in brain communications
c. sequence of developmental specialization
d. degree of convolutions in the brain’s surface
b. chemicals involved in brain communications
Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that ___.
a. bipolar disorder involves both genes and the environment
b. schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations
c. schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states
d. bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines
b. schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations
One of the complications of Alzheimer’s disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve ___.
a. changes in the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons
b. changes in myelination of axons
c. structural changes to ion channels in axons
d. molecular and structural changes at synapses
d. molecular and structural changes at synapses
If you were writing an essay, the part(s) of your brain that would be actively involved in this task is/are the ____.
a. Broca’s area
b. parietal lobe
c. frontal lobe
d. occipital lobe
c. frontal lobe
If a patient has an injury in the brainstem, which of the following would be observed?
a. auditory hallucinations
b. an inability to regulate body temperature
c. visual hallucinations
d. an inability to regulate heart function
d. an inability to regulate heart function
Use the figure to answer the following question.
Figure.
If a person suffered a stroke which damaged brain region B, what might be the expected outcome?
a. The person would suffer an inability to perform basic physiological functions, such as breathing.
b. Higher-level integration of sensory inputs and motor outputs would be impaired.
c. Emotional response would be impaired.
d. The person would not be able to see.
b. Higher-level integration of sensory inputs and motor outputs would be impaired.
Use the figure to answer the following question.
Figure.
Which part of the brain, if damaged, would lead to a decrease in the release of brain derived hormones, such as oxytocin?
a. only B
b. only E
c. both B and E
d. both A and D
d. both A and D
After narrowly escaping a mountain lion attack, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate?
a. constriction of pupils
b. decreased heartbeat
c. increased heartbeat
d. constriction of airways
c. increased heartbeat
After eating a large meal, which branch of your nervous system is activated?
a. somatic (motor)
b. sympathetic
c. enteric
d. sensory
c. enteric
Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with ___.
a. increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous system
b. decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous system
c. decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
d. increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
b. decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous system
