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Biology 152 > Chapter 42 Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is the _____.

a. intracellular fluid
b. hemolymph
c. blood plasma
d. digestive juices
e. cytosol

A

b. hemolymph

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2
Q

An adaptive advantage of having a three-chambered heart, as found in amphibians, over the two-chambered heart of fish is that _____.

a. there are capillary beds in both the respiratory organ and body systems of amphibians but not fish
b. the additional chamber in the amphibian heart reduces blood flow to the respiratory organ
c. fully oxygenated blood returning to the amphibian heart can undergo additional pumping to reach higher pressures
d. fully oxygenated blood is kept completely separate from relatively deoxygenated blood in the heart
e. amphibians can tolerate higher environmental pressures

A

c. fully oxygenated blood returning to the amphibian heart can undergo additional pumping to reach higher pressures

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3
Q

The normal contraction of specialized atrial cells results from the activity of the _____, and the simultaneous contraction of the left and right atria is due to the _____.

a. autorhythmic pacemaker cells; autorhythmic pacemaker cells
b. gap junctions; gap junctions
c. autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
d. autorhythmic pacemaker cells; gap junctions
e. gap junctions; autorhythmic pacemaker cells

A

d. autorhythmic pacemaker cells; gap junctions

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4
Q

As in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Tell-Tale Heart,” a heart can continue to beat after it is removed from the body because _____.

a. pacemaker cells contract without input
b. nerves in the heart fire without input
c. hormones controlling heartbeat are released spontaneously
d. powerful ventricular contractions induce rebound contractions
e. pulsing of blood in the heart maintains the heartbeat

A

a. pacemaker cells contract without input

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5
Q

Fluid is filtered from blood as it enters a capillary due to the _____, but fluid is reabsorbed as the blood exits a capillary due to the _____.

a. hydrostatic pressure from smooth muscle; cooler temperatures in venous blood
b. osmotic pressure from high levels of sodium in plasma but not extracellular fluid; osmotic pressure from reversed levels of sodium in extracellular fluid but not plasma
c. blood pressure from the heart; osmotic pressure from proteins in the plasma
d. osmotic pressure from salts; hydrostatic pressure from the veins

A

c. blood pressure from the heart; osmotic pressure from proteins in the plasma

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6
Q

Concurrent flow is not as efficient in exchange as countercurrent flow because the latter provides _____.

a. more diffusion at the beginning of capillary flow than midway through the capillary
b. more diffusion at the end of capillary flow than midway through the capillary
c. adequate diffusion of gases across weaker concentration gradients
d. thinner capillary walls to promote diffusion
e. greater surface area for diffusion

A

c. adequate diffusion of gases across weaker concentration gradients

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7
Q

After blood enters the right atrium, it then enters the _____.

a. right ventricle
b. left atrium
c. left ventricle
d. aorta

A

a. right ventricle

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8
Q

When a girl goes running, her face begins to flush. Which of the following is most likely responsible for her red face?

a. systolic pressure
b. diastolic pressure
c. vasoconstriction
d. vasodilation

A

d. vasodilation

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9
Q

Which of the following have valves within them to prevent blood backflow?

a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
d. arterioles

A

b. veins

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10
Q

Which of the following organisms breathe through tracheae?

a. segmented worms
b. bony fish
c. insects
d. birds

A

c. insects

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11
Q

Why is the net movement by diffusion slow for distances greater than a few millimeters?

a. Diffusion time is proportional to the cube of the distance.
b. Beyond a few millimeters substances need to be actively transported.
c. Diffusion time is proportional to the square of the distance.
d. Every body cell is within a few millimeters of every other body cell.
e. Except for cnidaria and flatworms, most animal cells are in direct contact with surrounding media.

A

c. Diffusion time is proportional to the square of the distance.

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12
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the basic circulatory system?

a. a circulatory fluid
b. an oxygen-carrying pigment
c. a muscular pump
d. vessels connecting the components

A

b. an oxygen-carrying pigment

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13
Q

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a closed circulatory system compared with an open circulatory system?

a. A closed circulatory system uses more energy.
b. Higher pressures in a closed circulatory system support increased size and more activity.
c. Closed vessels allow fluid to be directed to specific body regions.
d. Exchange of gas and nutrients is faster in a closed circulatory system.

A

a. A closed circulatory system uses more energy.

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14
Q

Starting from the right ventricle, which of the following is the correct sequence in the circulation of blood through the mammalian heart?
I. Left ventricle
II. Superior and inferior venae cavae
III. Pulmonary veins
IV. Capillary beds throughout body
V. Right ventricle
  VI. Capillary beds in the left and right lungs
 VII. Pulmonary arteries
VIII. Left atrium
 IX. Aorta
X. Right atrium
a. V, IV, II, VII, I, VIII, X, III, IX, VI
b. V, VII, VI, III, VIII, I, IX, IV, II, X
c. V, VII, IV, IX, X, VIII, III, VI, II, I
d. V, III, VI, VII, VIII, I, IX, IV, II, X

A

b. V, VII, VI, III, VIII, I, IX, IV, II, X

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15
Q

Which of the following is an evolutionary adaptation of diving mammals that enables them to remain underwater?

a. allelic variations that increase the concentrations of myoglobin in muscle
b. stronger diving reflexes that increase blood flow to extremities
c. allelic variations that decrease blood volume
d. the ability to derive energy from ATP in the presence of oxygen

A

a. allelic variations that increase the concentrations of myoglobin in muscle

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16
Q

Which of the following doesn’t explain hemoglobin’s efficiency in delivering O2 to metabolically active tissues?

a. the increase in production of carbonic acid
b. cooperativity in O2 binding and release between molecular subunits
c. the Bohr shift
d. the low solubility of O2 in water

A

d. the low solubility of O2 in water

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17
Q

What is another expression for the tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation?

a. residual volume
b. passive exhalation
c. vital capacity
d. ventilation capacity

A

c. vital capacity

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a result of the decrease in blood pH?

a. More O2 is released to body tissues.
b. The percent O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases.
c. More O2 is consumed in cellular respiration.
d. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases.

A

d. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases.

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19
Q

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

a. the lungs of a vertebrate
b. the gills of a fish
c. the tracheal system of an insect
d. the skin of an earthworm

A

c. the tracheal system of an insect

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20
Q

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

a. left atrium.
b. right atrium.
c. left ventricle.
d. right ventricle.

A

a. left atrium.

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21
Q

Pulse is a direct measure of

a. blood pressure.
b. stroke volume.
c. cardiac output.
d. heart rate.

A

d. heart rate.

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22
Q

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

a. rising O2
b. falling O2
c. rising CO2
d. falling CO2

A

c. rising CO2

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23
Q

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

a. the number of heart chambers.
b. a complete separation of circuits for circulation.
c. the number of circuits for circulation.
d. a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

A

c. the number of circuits for circulation.

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24
Q

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

a. the pulmonary vein.
b. the trachea.
c. the right atrium.
d. the right ventricle.

A

a. the pulmonary vein.

25
Q

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a

a. higher PO2.
b. higher PCO2.
c. greater bicarbonate concentration.
d. lower pH.

A

a. higher PO2.

26
Q

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body’s cells are likely to have ___.

a. a closed circulatory system
b. a gastrovascular cavity
c. an open circulatory system
d. branched tracheae

A

a. a closed circulatory system

27
Q

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism’s heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the ___.

a. animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate
b. animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles
c. animal had evolved from birds
d. species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure

A

a. animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate

28
Q

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

a. systole of the left ventricle
b. diastole of the right atrium
c. systole of the left atrium
d. diastole of the right ventricle

A

a. systole of the left ventricle

29
Q

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would ___.

a. disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
b. have a negative effect on peripheral resistance
c. have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta
d. block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers

A

a. disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

30
Q

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

a. the veins from the right and left
b. the pulmonary vein and the aorta
c. the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava
d. the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava

A

c. the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava

31
Q

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through ___.

a. three capillary beds
b. one capillary bed
c. four capillary beds
d. two capillary beds

A

d. two capillary beds

32
Q

Which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output?

a. The animal is likely small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart.
b. The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.
c. The species likely has very wide-diameter veins.
d. The animal likely has a relatively inactive lifestyle.

A

b. The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.

33
Q

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

a. inability of the right ventricle to contract
b. reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries
c. destruction of red blood cells
d. bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

A

d. bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

34
Q

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?
I. changing the force of heart contraction
II. constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles
III. opening or closing precapillary sphincters
a. I, II, and III
b. only I and II
c. only II and III
d. only I and III

A

a. I, II, and III

35
Q

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

a. Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls.
b. Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.
c. The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.
d. Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries.

A

c. The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.

36
Q

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ___.

a. development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
b. loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries
c. increased diffusion of hemoglobin
d. loss of fluid from capillaries

A

a. development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

37
Q

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in mammals, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross ____.

a. four membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary - and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood
b. five membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell - to bind with hemoglobin
c. two membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung - and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood
d. one membrane - that of the lining of the lungs - and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood

A

b. five membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell - to bind with hemoglobin

38
Q

You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem?

a. There are too many antigens to allow clotting.
b. Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.
c. Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting.
d. Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers.

A

b. Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.

39
Q

Although having evolved independently, the tracheal tubes of mammals and insects are both supported by rigid tissues. The trachea of a mammal is supported by cartilage, and the tracheae of an insect are supported by chitin. What selective pressure most likely led to the convergent evolution of these respiratory structures?

a. When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse.
b. A decrease in environmental carbon dioxide made structural support necessary.
c. Both mammals and insects have similar oxygen needs.
d. Insects and mammals both keep their internal temperature constant.

A

a. When air is the respiratory medium, there is a greater risk that the tracheal tubes will collapse.

40
Q

Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) on Mount Everest is approximately ___.

a. 255 mm Hg
b. 53 mm Hg
c. 157 mm Hg
d. 760 mm Hg

A

b. 53 mm Hg

41
Q

During aerobic exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscle cells will ___, thus the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the muscle tissue from the blood will ___.

a. not change; also not change
b. decrease; increase
c. decrease; decrease
d. increase; decrease

A

b. decrease; increase

42
Q

What would be the consequence if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would ___.

a. reduce efficiency of gas exchange
b. increase the efficiency of gas exchange
c. change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out

A

a. reduce efficiency of gas exchange

43
Q

Under identical atmospheric conditions, freshwater ____.

a. can hold 10-40 times more oxygen than air
b. has less dissolved oxygen than seawater
c. has more dissolved oxygen than seawater
d. can hold 10-40 times more carbon dioxide than air

A

c. has more dissolved oxygen than seawater

44
Q

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

a. Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.
b. Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals.
c. Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung.
d. There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use.

A

a. Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

45
Q

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ___.

a. 4450 mL
b. 1450 mL
c. 5000 mL
d. 4000 mL

A

c. 5000 mL

46
Q

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid?

a. grasshoppers
b. fishes
c. sparrows
d. dogs
e. jellyfish and cnidarians

A

a. grasshoppers

47
Q

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct?

a. Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles.
b. When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium.
c. Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart.
d. Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria.
e. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs.

A

e. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs.

48
Q

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct?

a. Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood.
b. Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart.
c. The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
d. Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries.
e. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

A

e. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

49
Q

Stroke occurs when _____.

a. the pacemaker of the heart becomes defective, producing an irregular heartbeat
b. a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue
c. a blood clot enters and blocks one of the coronary arteries
d. the walls of an artery in the leg accumulate deposits and lose their flexibility and elasticity
e. a blood clot dislodges from a vein and moves into the lung, where it blocks a pulmonary artery

A

b. a blood clot enters the cerebral circulation, blocking an artery and causing the death of brain tissue

50
Q

Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?

a. crabs
b. alligators
c. earthworms
d. ants
e. salmon

A

c. earthworms

51
Q

An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.

a. ventilation requires less energy in water
b. water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized
c. water usually contains a higher concentration of oxygen than air
d. the respiratory surface does not have to be as extensive in water
e. water is easier to move over the respiratory surface

A

b. water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized

52
Q

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.

a. A decrease … a drop
b. An increase … a drop
c. An increase … a rise
d. A decrease … a rise
e. Actually, it is the rise and fall of oxygen, not carbon dioxide, that controls breathing.

A

b. An increase … a drop

53
Q

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

a. the parapodia of a polychaete worm
b. the skin of an earthworm
c. the tracheal system of an insect
d. the gills of a fish
e. the lungs of a vertebrate

A

c. the tracheal system of an insect

54
Q

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

a. right ventricle.
b. vena cava.
c. left atrium.
d. right atrium.
e. left ventricle.

A

c. left atrium.

55
Q

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

a. the type of gas exchange tissues.
b. a complete separation of circuits for circulation.
c. the number of circuits for circulation.
d. the number of heart chambers.
e. a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

A

c. the number of circuits for circulation.

56
Q

If a molecule of released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except

a. the trachea.
b. the right atrium.
c. the right ventricle.
d. the pulmonary vein.
e. an alveolus.

A

d. the pulmonary vein.

57
Q

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

a. higher P(O2).
b. lower pH.
c. lower osmotic pressure.
d. higher P(CO2).
e. greater bicarbonate concentration.

A

a. higher P(O2).

58
Q

Why does the velocity of blood slow greatly as blood flows from arterioles into capillaries?

a. Because the narrow capillaries offer great resistance to blood flow.
b. Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.
c. Because capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.

A

b. Because capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arterioles.

59
Q

How are gases transported in insect bodies?

a. In open circulatory systems
b. In closed circulatory systems
c. In tracheal systems

A

c. In tracheal systems

Biology 152 (28 decks)

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