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Biology 152 > Chapter 45 Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of signaling is involved if the target receptor is located on the same cell that produced the hormone?

a. paracrine
b. autocrine
c. neuroendocrine
d. exocrine
e. synaptic

A

b. autocrine

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2
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?

  1. on the plasma membrane of the target cell
  2. in the nucleus of the target cell
  3. in the cytoplasm of the target cell
  4. in the blood plasma
    a. 1 and 4
    b. 2 and 3
    c. 3 and 4
    d. 1 and 3
A

b. 2 and 3

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3
Q

Hormone pathways involved in maintaining homeostasis (such as the secretin pathway in the digestive tract) are often characterized by which of the following?

a. negative feedback
b. positive feedback
c. local regulators such as prostaglandins
d. multiple types of receptors
e. G protein-coupled receptors

A

a. negative feedback

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4
Q

In human hormone cascades, what is the correct sequence in which these structures become involved, starting with the organ at the beginning of the cascade? (NOTE: Not all organs listed are included in all options.)

  1. nonendocrine target
  2. anterior pituitary gland
  3. posterior pituitary gland
  4. hypothalamus
  5. specific endocrine gland
    a. 2, 3, 5, 1, 4
    b. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
    c. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
    d. 4, 3, 5, 1
    e. 4, 2, 5, 1
A

e. 4, 2, 5, 1

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5
Q

Men who overuse synthetic testosterone (as in anabolic steroids) may experience testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, and low levels of circulating FSH. The physiological explanation for these observations is _____.

a. that synthetic testosterone is not as effective as natural testosterone
b. negative feedback
c. positive feedback
d. that such men have inadequate numbers of FSH receptors
e. that such men have inadequate numbers of testosterone receptors

A

b. negative feedback

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6
Q

Which of the following is not a product of the anterior pituitary gland?

a. prolactin
b. thyroid-stimulating hormone
c. thyrotropin-releasing hormone
d. luteinizing hormone
e. growth hormone

A

c. thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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7
Q

Which hormone is correctly paired with its function?

a. parathyroid hormone—lowers blood calcium
b. glucocorticoids—decrease blood glucose
c. norepinephrine—reduces heart rate
d. melatonin—promotes sleep
e. aldosterone—increases sodium excretion by kidneys

A

d. melatonin—promotes sleep

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8
Q

How would a decrease in the number of corticosteroid receptors in the hypothalamus affect levels of corticosteroids in the blood?

a. Blood levels will decline due to negative feedback.
b. Blood levels will not change because there are no receptors to respond to corticosteroids.
c. Blood levels will rise due to positive feedback.
d. Blood levels will rise because the hypothalamus can no longer sense excess hormone and shut down the pathway.

A

d. Blood levels will rise because the hypothalamus can no longer sense excess hormone and shut down the pathway.

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9
Q

This graph shows the change in mass of two young mice from the same litter over time. One of the two mice was injected with a substance secreted by an endocrine gland. Which mouse was injected?
Graph.
a. mouse I
b. mouse II

A

a. mouse I

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10
Q 
This graph shows the change in mass of two young mice from the same litter over time. One of the two mice was injected with a substance secreted by an endocrine gland. Which gland secretes the substance that was injected?
Graph.
a. adrenal gland
b. pancreas
c. thyroid gland
d. anterior pituitary
e. testes
A

d. anterior pituitary

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11
Q 
This graph shows the change in mass of two young mice from the same litter over time. One of the two mice was injected with a substance secreted by an endocrine gland. What hormone was injected?
Graph.
a. ACTH
b. calcitonin
c. testosterone
d. thyroxine
e. growth hormone
A

e. growth hormone

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12
Q

Which of the following endocrine targets is incorrectly matched with an endocrine hormone?

a. prolactin—mammary gland
b. PTH—bones and kidneys
c. melanocyte-stimulating hormone—skin
d. oxytocin—kidneys
e. luteinizing hormone—ovaries and testes

A

d. oxytocin—kidneys

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13
Q 
In Graves’ disease, high levels of self-reactive antibodies to the TSH receptor increase thyroid hormone production, causing hyperthyroidism. In Hashimoto’s disease, a self-reactive TSH-blocking antibody interferes with TSH hormone, causing hypothyroidism. Which disease does the patient whose test results appear in the table below have?
Table.
Patient
Serum total T3: 2.93 nmol/L
Free thyroxine (T4): 27.4 pmol/L
TSH levels: 0.1 mU/L
TSH receptor autoantibody: 2.0 U/mL
Normal Range
Serum total T3: 0.89-2.44 nmol/L
Free thyroxine (T4): 9.0-21.0 pmol/L
TSH levels: 0.35-4.94 mU/L
TSH receptor autoantibody: 0-1.5 U/mL
a. Graves’ disease
b. Hashimoto’s disease
c. neither
d. not enough information provided
A

a. Graves’ disease

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14
Q

Which of the following is not an effect of catecholamines?

a. breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle, which increases blood glucose b. increases in heart rate and stroke volume
c. increases in blood supply to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles
d. suppression of the immune system
e. increase in metabolic rate

A

d. suppression of the immune system

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15
Q

Which statement below best describes why chemicals like DES act as endocrine disruptors?

a. They increase breast cancer risk.
b. They prevent miscarriages.
c. They cross the placenta and affect the fetus.
d. They cause structural changes in reproductive organs.
e. They interrupt the normal biological function of endocrine hormones.

A

e. They interrupt the normal biological function of endocrine hormones.

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16
Q

What determines whether an insect will undergo molting or metamorphosis?

a. the level of PTTH secreted by neurosecretory cells in the brain
b. receptors on the plasma membranes of prothoracic gland cells
c. the level of ecdysteroid released by prothoracic gland cells
d. the level of juvenile hormone (JH) secreted by endocrine glands behind the brain
e. the amount of exoskeleton stretching

A

d. the level of juvenile hormone (JH) secreted by endocrine glands behind the brain

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17
Q

Hormones are _____.

a. chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph
b. signals that must interact with DNA in order to be effective
c. produced only in response to environmental stress
d. are all under the control of the pituitary gland
e. always proteins

A

a. chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph

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18
Q

The hormone epinephrine causes opposite effects in two populations of target cells because _____.

a. epinephrine crosses the membrane on one set of target cells but binds to membrane-bound receptors in the other set of target cells
b. the chemical form of epinephrine released by neurons is different from the epinephrine released by endocrine cells
c. epinephrine can only reach target cells in adipose tissue, as it is fat-soluble
d. epinephrine activates biochemical pathways in one set of target cells but works only by changing gene expression in the other set of target cells
e. each set of target cells has different receptor-transduction mechanisms

A

e. each set of target cells has different receptor-transduction mechanisms

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19
Q

In their mechanism of action, a difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones is that _____.

a. water-soluble hormones cross the plasma membrane more readily than do lipid-soluble hormones
b. water-soluble hormones bind reversibly to DNA
c. lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA
d. lipid-soluble hormones activate a “second messenger” pathway
e. the water-soluble hormones travel only in the blood, and the lipid-soluble hormones travel only in the lymphatic fluid

A

c. lipid-soluble hormones bind to an intracellular receptor and this hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA

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20
Q

The counter-regulatory functions of the pancreas refer to the fact that it _____.

a. releases acetylcholine when a person is calm, and epinephrine when a person is frightened or exercising
b. releases one hormone that increases urine production and another hormone that reduces urine production
c. releases one hormone that increases body temperature (fever) and another that decreases body temperature
d. releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them
e. releases one hormone that increases heart rate and another that decreases heart rate

A

d. releases one hormone that reduces glucose levels in the blood and another that increases them

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21
Q

Among insects, the metamorphic transition from pupal form to adult form is associated with _____.

a. high levels of ultraviolet light that are present only in summer
b. reduced levels of ecdysteroids and high levels of juvenile hormone
c. the pupal form’s exposure to cold temperatures
d. high levels of ecdysteroids and reduced levels of juvenile hormone
e. high levels of gonadal steroids

A

d. high levels of ecdysteroids and reduced levels of juvenile hormone

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22
Q

Oxytocin secretion and milk release from the mammary glands of lactating female mammals are initiated by _____.

a. estrogens from the ovaries
b. the secretion of the pancreatic hormone called glucagon
c. a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to the smell of the baby
d. the physical sensation of the baby sucking at the nipple
e. the level of fullness in the breast, based on the rate of milk synthesis

A

d. the physical sensation of the baby sucking at the nipple

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23
Q

Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced?

a. thalamus
b. anterior pituitary
c. neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
d. pineal gland
e. posterior pituitary

A

c. neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

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24
Q

The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary differ in that _____.

a. the anterior lobe of the pituitary is nervous tissue that connects directly to the brain whereas the posterior pituitary is derived from non-neural tissues
b. the anterior lobe of the pituitary receives neuronal impulses from brain cells whereas the posterior lobe receives blood-borne hormones
c. the posterior lobe of the pituitary operates independently of the brain whereas the anterior lobe is directly dependent on brain activity
d. many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues
e. the posterior pituitary gland synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone whereas the anterior lobe receives all of its hormone products in the blood

A

d. many anterior pituitary hormones regulate other endocrine glands whereas posterior pituitary hormones regulate nonendocrine tissues

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25
Q

How does the adrenal gland respond to stress?

a. The adrenal medulla secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in response to long-term stress.
b. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to long-term stress.
c. The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids in response to short-term stress.
d. The adrenal cortex secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress.
e. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress.

A

e. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to short-term stress.

26
Q

Jet lag occurs when a person moves rapidly from one time zone to another, causing conflict between the body’s biological rhythm and the new cycle of light and dark. Some scientists suspect that jet lag may result from disruption of the daily cycle of secretion of the hormone known as _____.

a. epinephrine
b. insulin
c. estrogen
d. melatonin
e. prolactin

A

d. melatonin

27
Q

Which of the following is not an accurate statement?

a. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system.
b. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.
c. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands.
d. Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
e. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.

A

e. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.

28
Q

The hypothalamus __________.

a. synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland
b. produces only inhibitory hormones
c. regulates both reproduction and body temperature
d. influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland

A

c. regulates both reproduction and body temperature

29
Q

Growth factors are local regulators that

a. are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division.
b. are produced by the anterior pituitary.
c. are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth.
d. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.
e. convey messages between nerve cells.

A

d. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.

30
Q

Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?

a. thyroxine-stimulates metabolic processes
b. ACTH-stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
c. insulin-stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver
d. melatonin-affects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction
e. oxytocin-stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

A

c. insulin-stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver

31
Q

What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?

a. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream
b. the location of their receptors
c. their solubility in cell membranes
d. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell

A

a. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

32
Q

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

a. greater production of T3 than of T4
b. hypersecretion of MSH
c. hypersecretion of TSH
d. a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin
e. hyposecretion of TSH

A

e. hyposecretion of TSH

33
Q

Select the example that accurately illustrates this statement: “The endocrine and nervous systems act together to regulate an animal’s physiology.”

a. In response to stress, neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediate various fight-or-flight responses.
b. The hypothalamus receives information from hormones throughout the body and brain. In response, it initiates nervous signaling appropriate to environmental conditions.
c. Signals to the brain stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete a hormone that stimulates or inhibits release of a particular posterior pituitary hormone. The posterior pituitary hormone then acts on a target endocrine tissue to stimulate secretion of another hormone.

A

a. In response to stress, neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediate various fight-or-flight responses.

34
Q

Vertebrates have two major communication and control systems: the endocrine system and the nervous system. Choose the correct statement describing the coordination of these systems.

a. The adrenal cortex secretes hormones in response to nervous stimulation.
b. Epinephrine functions as a hormone in the endocrine system and as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
c. The parathryroid gland is a fused endocrine and neuroendocrine gland.

A

b. Epinephrine functions as a hormone in the endocrine system and as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system.

35
Q

Select the correct statement about feedback regulation in endocrine systems.

a. A hormone cascade pathway involves the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, and endocrine gland.
b. All hormones are regulated by negative feedback loops.
c. Some homeostatic control systems rely on pairs of negatively regulated hormone pathways, each counterbalancing the other.

A

c. Some homeostatic control systems rely on pairs of negatively regulated hormone pathways, each counterbalancing the other.

36
Q

You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you then know is a true statement about this structure?

a. It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts.
b. The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood.
c. The gland’s product is lipid soluble.
d. The gland’s product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane.

A

b. The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood.

37
Q

In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut out the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons?

a. to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal
b. to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily studied
c. to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system
d. to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe

A

c. to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system

38
Q 
Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads.  Thus, testosterone is an example \_\_\_.
I. an autocrine signal
II. a paracrine signal
III. an endocrine signal
a. only II and III
b. only I and II
c. only I and III
d. I, II, and III
A

d. I, II, and III

39
Q

The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because ___.

a. only target cells are exposed to aldosterone
b. nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect
c. only target cells contain aldosterone receptors
d. aldosterone is unable to enter nontarget cells

A

c. only target cells contain aldosterone receptors

40
Q

Steroid and polypeptide hormones typically have in common ___.

a. the building blocks from which they are synthesized
b. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream
c. their solubility in cell membranes
d. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell

A

b. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

41
Q

If the portion of the pancreas is surgically removed from a rat and the rat subsequently loses its appetite, one explanation is that the removed portion contains cells that secrete a chemical signal that somehow stimulates appetite. Given this scenario, what type of chemical signaling is occurring?

a. neuroendocrine
b. autocrine
c. paracrine
d. endocrine

A

d. endocrine

42
Q

If a biochemist discovers a new molecule, which of the following pieces of data would allow her to draw the conclusion that the molecule is a steroid hormone?
I. The molecule is lipid soluble.
II. The molecule is derived from a series of steps beginning with cholesterol.
III. The molecule acts at a target tissue some distance from where it is produced.
IV. The molecule uses a transport protein when in an aqueous solution such as blood.
a. only I and III
b. only II and IV
c. only I, III, and IV
d. I, II, III, and IV

A

d. I, II, III, and IV

43
Q

Which of the following are properties of steroid hormones?
I. Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and easily cross the phospholipid bilayer.
II. Steroid hormones usually exert their effects on target cells through membrane receptor proteins.
III. Steroid hormones act on cells close to where they were produced.
IV. Steroid hormones regulate gene transcription by binding to intracellular receptor proteins.
a. I and II
b. II and III
c. I and IV
d. I, II, III, and IV

A

c. I and IV

44
Q

Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by thyroxine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of thyroxine?

a. Different releasing hormones release thyroxine to different tissues.
b. There are many different forms of thyroxine, each specific to a different tissue.
c. Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine, while other tissues have thyroxine receptors within the nucleus.
d. Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways.

A

d. Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways.

45
Q

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of ___.

a. glucagon
b. glucose
c. insulin
d. gastrin

A

a. glucagon

46
Q

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt __.

a. short-term memory
b. coordination during locomation
c. regulation of water balance
d. executive functions, such as decision making

A

c. regulation of water balance

47
Q

What would be a likely outcome of a person not consuming enough iodine in their diet?

a. high levels of circulating blood glucose
b. stronger muscle contractions
c. reduced cellular metabolism
d. high body temperature

A

c. reduced cellular metabolism

48
Q

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

a. hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
b. a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin
c. greater production of T3 than of T4
d. hypersecretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

a. hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

49
Q

When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination above normal rates?

a. Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.
b. Alcohol stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
c. Alcohol stimulates the release of oxytocin which causes more water secretion.
d. Alcohol inhibits the actions of calcitonin.

A

a. Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.

50
Q

Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?

a. adrenal glands
b. ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)
c. thyroid gland
d. pituitary gland

A

d. pituitary gland

51
Q

If the adrenal cortex were surgically removed, an increase in the plasma levels of ___ would likely be observed.

a. glucocorticoid hormones
b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
c. acetylcholine
d. epinephrine

A

b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

52
Q

In an experiment, rats’ ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation, and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the ___.
Table.
Daily injections of progesterone (milligrams): Group 1 - 0.25, Group 2 - 20
Percentage of rats that carried fetus to birth: Group 1 - 0, Group 2 - 100
a. gestation period of rats
b. general health of the rat
c. number of eggs fertilized
d. metabolism of the uterus

A

d. metabolism of the uterus

53
Q

Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density of bones is decreased so much that the individual is at a higher risk of fractures. The more calcium in the bones, the better the bone density. Which of the following would produce the greatest increase in bone calcium levels?

a. glucagon receptor blocker
b. parathyroid hormone injection
c. calcitonin receptor blocker
d. calcitonin injection

A

d. calcitonin injection

54
Q

Predict the effects of a drug that increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) synthesis.

a. decrease in cortisol release
b. decrease in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
c. increase in glucocorticoid production
d. increase in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

c. increase in glucocorticoid production

55
Q

People experiencing chronic stress may be more likely to become sick because ___.

a. too much thyroid hormone is being produced
b. high circulating glucocorticoid can suppress the immune system
c. elevated epinephrine concentrations deplete all of the available glucose in the body
d. their blood glucose is not being regulated appropriately

A

b. high circulating glucocorticoid can suppress the immune system

56
Q

Which of the following is not an accurate statement?

a. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system.
b. Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
c. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
d. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.

A

c. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.

57
Q

The hypothalamus

a. synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland.
b. influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland.
c. produces only inhibitory hormones.
d. regulates both reproduction and body temperature.

A

d. regulates both reproduction and body temperature.

58
Q

Growth factors are local regulators that

a. are produced by the anterior pituitary.
b. are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth.
c. are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division.
d. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.

A

d. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.

59
Q

Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?

a. oxytocin—stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
b. thyroxine—inhibits metabolic processes
c. ACTH—stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
d. melatonin—affects biological rhythms and seasonal reproduction

A

b. thyroxine—inhibits metabolic processes

60
Q

What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?

a. their solubility in cell membranes
b. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream
c. the location of their receptors
d. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell

A

b. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

61
Q

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?

a. greater production of T3 than of T4
b. hyposecretion of TSH
c. hypersecretion of MSH
d. a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin

A

b. hyposecretion of TSH

62
Q

The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of

a. an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems.
b. homeostasis achieved by positive feedback.
c. homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones.
d. competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor.

A

a. an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems.

Biology 152 (28 decks)

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