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Biology 152 > Chapter 32 - Overview of Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 32 - Overview of Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are animals?

A

multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

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2
Q

What kinds of tissues are unique to animals?

A

Nervous tissue and muscle tissue

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3
Q

What do animals’ cells have instead of cell walls?

A

Structural proteins like collagen

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4
Q

What is cleavage?

A

When a zygote undergoes rapid cell division after fertilization

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5
Q

What does cleavage lead to?

A

the formation of a multicellular, hollow blastula

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6
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

when a blastula forms a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

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7
Q

What is a larva?

A

sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult stage of animal development

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8
Q

What is a juvenile?

A

the stage of animal development when it resembles an adult, but is not sexually mature yet

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9
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

genes that regulate the development of body form

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10
Q

How are choanoflagellates and animals similar?

A

They have sequence similarities in the genes involved in adherence and attachment that were required with the advent of multicellularity.

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11
Q

What was the Cambrian explosion?

A

the earliest fossil appearance of animals

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12
Q

List the characteristics of bilaterians

A

Bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, one-way digestive system

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13
Q

What is a body plan?

A

a set of morphological and developmental traits that is used to categorize animals

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14
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

when animals have a top and a bottom but no front, back, left, or right; the type of symmetry found in a flowerpot

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15
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

when animals have a dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side, a right side, a left side, an anterior (front) and a posterior (back)

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16
Q

Compare the movements of radially and bilaterally symmetrical animals.

A

Radial animals are sessile or planktonic; they drift or swim weakly. Bilateral animals move actively and heave a central nervous system.

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17
Q

What are tissues?

A

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

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18
Q

How are tissues formed?

A

From three germ layers during development

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19
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

the germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

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20
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

the innermost germ layer lining the archenteron (developing digestive tube)

21
Q

What are diploblastic animals?

A

Animals with only an ectoderm and an endoderm

22
Q

What are triploblasic animals?

A

animals that have an ectoderm, an endoderm, and a mesoderm; includes all bilaterally symmetrical animals

23
Q

What is a mesoderm?

A

an intermediate tissue layer between the ectoderm and the endoderm

24
Q

What is a coelom?

A

a true body cavity, derived from the mesoderm

25
Q

What are coelomates?

A

animals with a true coelom (body cavity)

26
Q

What is a pseudocoelom?

A

a false body cavity that isn’t lined on both sides because its derived from the mesoderm and the endoderm

27
Q

What are pseudocoelomates?

A

triploblastic animals with a pseudocoelom

28
Q

What are acoelomates?

A

triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity

29
Q

What are the functions of a body cavity?

A

Fluid cushions suspended organs; fluid acts like a skeleton against which the muscles can work; Enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall

30
Q

What is a grade?

A

a group whose members share key biological features

31
Q

What is a clade?

A

a group consisting of an ancestor and all of its descendants

32
Q

What happens in protostome development?

A

the cleavage is spiral and determinate

33
Q

What is a determinate cleavage?

A

when the developmental fate of embryonic cells is determined early in development

34
Q

What is deuterostome development?

A

the cleavage is radial and indeterminate

35
Q

What is an indeterminate cleavage?

A

when each cell in the early stage of cleavage retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo; makes identical twins and embryonic stem cells possible

36
Q

What is the difference in coelom formation between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

In protostomes, the splitting of solid masses of the mesoderm forms the coelom; in deuterostomes, the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom

37
Q

What does the blastopore do?

A

Connects the archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

38
Q

When is the blastopore formed?

A

during gastrulation

39
Q

What is eumetazoa?

A

the clade of animals with tissues; “true animals”

40
Q

What is the only clade of bilaterian animals that includes vertebrates?

A

Chordata

41
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

animals that lack a backbone

42
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

animals with a backbone

43
Q

What are the three clades of bilaterians?

A

Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa

44
Q

Which clade of bilaterians includes vertebrates and invertebrates?

A

Deuterostomia

45
Q

Which clade of bilaterians secretes external skeletons?

A

Ecdysozoa

46
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

when Ecdysozoans shed their exoskeletons

47
Q

Which clades of bilaterians only have invertebrates?

A

Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa

48
Q

What is a lophophore?

A

a feeding structure

49
Q

What bilaterian clade can undergo the trochophore larva stage?

A

Lophotrochozoa

Biology 152 (28 decks)

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