Chapter 29 Questions

Question 1

Which are the closest algal relatives of land plants?

a. monilophytes
b. charophytes
c. chrysophytes
d. bacillariophytes
e. rhodophytes

Answer 1

b. charophytes

Question 2

The relationship between a gametophyte and a sporophyte in a liverwort is like the relationship between __.

a. a brother and a sister.
b. a grandparent and a grandchild.
c. an uncle and a nephew.
d. a parent and a child.
e. two cousins.

Answer 2

d. a parent and a child.

Question 3

Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. For example, vascular tissue enabled plants to __.

a. reproduce via spores.
b. store water.
c. grow taller.
d. develop stomata.
e. support large gametophytes.

Answer 3

c. grow taller.

Question 4

Figure.
One conclusion you can draw from this figure is that __.
a. gametophytes have fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do.
b. gametophytes evolved before sporophytes.
c. gametophytes grow from sporophytes.
d. gametophyte cells are produced by mitosis; sporophyte cells are produced by meiosis.

Answer 4

a. gametophytes have fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do.

Question 5

Stomata are found in every group of land plants except the liverworts. If stomata evolved only once among the bryophytes, this is evidence that __.

a. liverworts resemble the earliest-evolving plants.
b. liverworts don’t need to exchange gases with the atmosphere.
c. liverworts have lost the ability to make stomata.
d. liverworts are able to fix nitrogen.
e. gametophytes are more important in liverworts.

Answer 5

a. liverworts resemble the earliest-evolving plants.

Question 6

Which plants have a sporophyte that is nutritionally dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte?

a. ferns
b. mosses
c. whisk ferns
d. horsetails
e. angiosperms

Answer 6

b. mosses

Question 7

Which is a vascular plant?

a. liverworts
b. mosses
c. hornworts
d. bryophytes
e. lycophytes

Answer 7

e. lycophytes

Question 8

Which term is incorrectly defined?

a. sporophylls—modified leaves that bear sporangia
b. strobili—cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls in lycophytes and gymnosperms
c. sori—clusters of sporangia produced by fern sporophylls
d. megaspores—spores that develop into male gametophytes

Answer 8

d. megaspores—spores that develop into male gametophytes

Question 9

Which plant-derived material(s) is/are used for fuel to produce heat?

a. peat
b. coal
c. fern spores
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c

Answer 9

d. a and b

Question 10

Which are the most closely related?

a. ferns and horsetails
b. mosses and ferns
c. liverworts and hornworts
d. lycophytes and liverworts
e. All pairs are equally related.

Answer 10

a. ferns and horsetails

Question 11

Which must you have to have spores?

a. swimming sperm
b. sporangia
c. leaves
d. roots
e. apical meristems

Answer 11

b. sporangia

Question 12

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

a. sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves
b. waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
c. loss of structures that produce spores
d. remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells

Answer 12

b. waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Question 13

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.
Figure.
In the figure, which number represents the mature gametophyte?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 11
d. 7

Answer 13

d. 7

Question 14

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?

a. The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air.
b. There was less competition for space, so they simply spread out flat.
c. They were tied to the water for reproduction, thus needing to remain in close contact with the moist soil.
d. Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants.

Answer 14

a. The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air.

Question 15

Spores and seeds have basically the same function - dispersal - but are vastly different because spores ___.

a. are unicellular; seeds are not
b. have stored nutrition; seeds do not
c. have an embryo; seeds do not
d. have a protective outer covering; seeds do not

Answer 15

a. are unicellular; seeds are not

Question 16

Breeuwer et al. (2008) measured the effect of different temperature regimes on the growth of different Sphagnum species. The growth of S. fuscum at four temperatures is shown. Use the information in the graph to answer the following question.
Figure. Graph with temperature treatment.
Based on the data shown, what additional conclusions can you draw?
a. No additional conclusions can be drawn from these data.
b. With warmer temperatures, decomposition rates will be higher.
c. With warmer temperatures, decomposition rates will be lower.
d. With warmer temperatures, S. fuscum will be a better competitor.

Answer 16

a. No additional conclusions can be drawn from these data.

Question 17

Assuming equal spore production rates, what is the likely consequence in a bryophyte with both asexual and sexual reproduction versus one with only sexual reproduction?

a. Species with both types of reproduction are less evolutionarily advanced than species with only sexual reproduction.
b. Species with both types of reproduction occur primarily in dry environments.
c. Species with both types of reproduction have higher population growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction.
d. Species with both types of reproduction have higher rates of genetic diversity than species with only sexual reproduction.

Answer 17

c. Species with both types of reproduction have higher population growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction.

Question 18

A student encounters a pondweed that appears to be a charophyte. Which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?

a. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts and rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
b. structure of sperm cells and presence of phragmoplasts
c. structure of sperm cells, presence of phragmoplasts, and rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
d. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts and presence of phragmoplasts

Answer 18

c. structure of sperm cells, presence of phragmoplasts, and rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

Question 19

The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b demonstrates which of the following?

a. These two groups are not closely related.
b. The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b.
c. These shared traits show that green plants evolved from present=day charophytes.
d. These derived traits show that green plants evolved from ancient charophytes.

Answer 19

b. The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?

a. Rising sea levels favored individuals that were able to survive ever-drier conditions.
b. The transition to land occurred within a few generations.
c. The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.
d. The high light levels of terrestrial systems favored individuals that contained flexible photosynthetic enzyme systems.

Answer 20

c. The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.

Question 21

If animals had alternation of generations like plants, __.

a. the products of meiosis would immediately fuse to form a zygote and then undergo mitosis
b. they would have twice as rapid a population growth rate as compared to their current rates
c. the products of mitosis would undergo meiosis
d. the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular

Answer 21

d. the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular

Question 22

Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate?

a. Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
b. Stomata are not important in algae because they do not need CO2.
c. Stomata, when closed, allow CO2 to diffuse into plants.
d. Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant.

Answer 22

d. Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant.

Question 23

The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to __.

a. absorb nutrients from the soil and form a symbiosis with fungi
b. release toxins into the soil that reduced competition with other plants by poisoning nearby plants
c. transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues and use them to protect developing embryos
d. transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller

Answer 23

d. transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller

Question 24

Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) __.

a. are more similar to ancestral red algae than they are to vascular plants
b. are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants
c. are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants
d. can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system

Answer 24

b. are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants

Question 25

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following lists structure from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

a. sporophytes, sporophylls, sporangia, spores
b. sporophytes, spores, sporangia, sporophylls
c. sporophylls, sporophytes, sporangia, spores
d. sporophylls sporangia, sporophytes, spores

Answer 25

a. sporophytes, sporophylls, sporangia, spores

Question 26

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What doe s this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

a. They have branching veins in their leaves.
b. Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface.
c. They use stomata for gas exchange regulation.
d. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Answer 26

d. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Question 27

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?

a. Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis.
b. It has vascular tissue.
c. It has multiple sporangia.
d. Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Answer 27

d. Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Question 28

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ___.

a. flowering plants
b. gymnosperms
c. ferns
d. mosses

Answer 28

c. ferns

Question 29

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.

a. embryophytes, ferns, green plants, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants
b. green plants, embryophytes, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns
c. embryophytes, green plants, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns
d. green plants, tracheophytes, embryophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns

Answer 29

b. green plants, embryophytes, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns

Question 30

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would be accurate?

a. Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.
b. Spore dispersal distances would probably decrease.
c. Fertilization would probably be easier.
d. Females could produce only one archegonium.

Answer 30

a. Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.

Question 31

If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing ___.

a. both nonvascular and seed-bearing plants
b. both sporophyte and gametophyte generations
c. both seedless and seed-bearing plants
d. only vascular plants

Answer 31

b. both sporophyte and gametophyte generations

Question 32

If animals had alternation of generations like plants, __.

a. the products of meiosis would immediately fuse to form a zygote and then undergo mitosis
b. they would have twice as rapid a population growth rate as compared to their current rates
c. the products of mitosis would undergo meiosis
d. the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular

Answer 32

d. the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular

Question 33

Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate?

a. Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
b. Stomata are not important in algae because they do not need CO2.
c. Stomata, when closed, allow CO2 to diffuse into plants.
d. Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant.

Answer 33

d. Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant.

Question 34

The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to __.

a. absorb nutrients from the soil and form a symbiosis with fungi
b. release toxins into the soil that reduced competition with other plants by poisoning nearby plants
c. transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues and use them to protect developing embryos
d. transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller

Answer 34

d. transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller

Question 35

Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) __.

a. are more similar to ancestral red algae than they are to vascular plants
b. are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants
c. are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants
d. can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system

Answer 35

b. are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants

Question 36

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following lists structure from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

a. sporophytes, sporophylls, sporangia, spores
b. sporophytes, spores, sporangia, sporophylls
c. sporophylls, sporophytes, sporangia, spores
d. sporophylls sporangia, sporophytes, spores

Answer 36

a. sporophytes, sporophylls, sporangia, spores

Question 37

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What doe s this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

a. They have branching veins in their leaves.
b. Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface.
c. They use stomata for gas exchange regulation.
d. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Answer 37

d. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Question 38

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?

a. Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis.
b. It has vascular tissue.
c. It has multiple sporangia.
d. Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Answer 38

d. Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

Question 39

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ___.

a. flowering plants
b. gymnosperms
c. ferns
d. mosses

Answer 39

c. ferns

Question 40

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.

a. embryophytes, ferns, green plants, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants
b. green plants, embryophytes, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns
c. embryophytes, green plants, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns
d. green plants, tracheophytes, embryophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns

Answer 40

b. green plants, embryophytes, tracheophytes, seedless vascular plants, ferns

Question 41

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would be accurate?

a. Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.
b. Spore dispersal distances would probably decrease.
c. Fertilization would probably be easier.
d. Females could produce only one archegonium.

Answer 41

a. Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.

Question 42

If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing ___.

a. both nonvascular and seed=bearing plants
b. both sporophyte and gametophyte generations
c. both seedless and seed-bearing plants
d. only vascular plants

Answer 42

b. both sporophyte and gametophyte generations

Question 43

Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception.

a. similar sperm structure
b. the presence of chloroplasts
c. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division
d. genetic similarities in chloroplasts

Answer 43

b. the presence of chloroplasts

Question 44

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

a. chlorophyll b
b. cellulose in cell walls
c. sexual reproduction
d. alternation of multicellular generations

Answer 44

d. alternation of multicellular generations

Question 45

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

a. haploid gametes
b. diploid gametes
c. haploid spores
d. diploid spores

Answer 45

c. haploid spores

Question 46

Microphylls are found in which plant group?

a. lycophytes
b. liverworts
c. ferns
d. hornworts

Answer 46

a. lycophytes

Question 47

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would not be true?

a. Spore dispersal distances would probably increase.
b. Females could produce only one archegonium.
c. Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a “tree” would probably flop over.
d. Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.

Answer 47

b. Females could produce only one archegonium.