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BIO 211 > Chapter 49: Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 49: Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Unspecialized nervous system

A

No brain (Ex: hydra, sea star, chitins)

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2
Q

Specialized nervous system

A

Has brain(s) and cephalization

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3
Q

Cephalization

A

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo’s development

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4
Q

Gray matter

A

Regions of clustered neuron cell bodies within the CNS. (unmyelinated neurons)

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5
Q

White matter

A

the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of grey matter within the central nervous system. (myelinated neurons)

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6
Q

Which type of matter has a higher action potential?

A

White matter

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7
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

The white matter is white because of the fatty substance (myelin) that surrounds the nerve fibers (axons).

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8
Q

Spinal cord

A

conveys information and provide (automatic) responses independent of the brain

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Provides protection and buoyancy

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10
Q

Why is buoyancy important for the spinal cord?

A

The brain is much heavier than the spinal cord (1400 g vs. 25 g)

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11
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Deals with sensory information; sends info to the CNS

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12
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Tasked with doing something; sends info to the PNS

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13
Q

Motor system

A

Control skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary processes (i.e. heart rate, blood pressure, respiration)

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15
Q

3 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. Sympathetic
  3. Enteric
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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

can accelerate heart rate, widen airways, decrease motility of the large intestine, constrict blood vessels, increase peristalsis in the esophagus, cause pupillary dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating), and raise blood pressure

17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations (coming back down from sympathetic nervous response)

18
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract

19
Q

Why is sexual response part of PNS?

A

Relaxation required to get blood to reproductive organs

20
Q

Brain stem

A

Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata (responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep)

21
Q

Midbrain

A

serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing

22
Q

Pons

A

critical role in generating the respiratory rhythm of breathing

23
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

plays an essential role in passing messages between your spinal cord and brain; essential for regulating your cardiovascular and respiratory systems

24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Important for homeostasis

25
Q

Epithalamus

A

Connects the limbic system to other parts of the brain (pineal gland located here)

26
Q

Thalamus

A

acts as a relay station filtering information between the brain and body

27
Q

Diencephalon (3 parts)

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
28
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement, involved in some perception

29
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and most complex part of brain

30
Q

4 lobes of the cerebrum

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Temporal
  3. Parietal
  4. Occipital
31
Q

Scans showing activity in the brain

A

PET

32
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects left and right side of the brain

33
Q

Neural connections are made during

A

Embryonic development

34
Q

Neural plasticity

A

the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections (i.e. brain will find ways to overcome injury by reestablishing neural connections)

35
Q

Repeated use increases…

A

Number of neural connections

36
Q

Remodeling of neurons happens during

A

Sleep

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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