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BIO 211 > Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Animals with gastrovascular cavities do not require

A

an organ system for transporting nutrients and gases within the body because each cell is in close contact with a source of nutrients and oxygen

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2
Q

Small molecules can move between cells andtheir surroundings by

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

Diffusion is only efficient…

A

over small distances because the time it takes to diffuse is proportional to the square of the distance

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4
Q

Open circulatory system

A

circulatory fluid is not contained in vessels during its entire trip through the body, but instead drains into the body cavity; circulatory fluid directly bathes the cells and and the blood is not kept in blood vessels

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5
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

circulatory fluid is contained within vessels during its entire trip (a circuit) through the body and never leaves the network of blood vessels; interstitial fluid bathes cells

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6
Q

Single circulation

A

blood travels from the heart to the gas exchange structures, and then directly to the rest of the body without being pumped a second time by the heart

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7
Q

Double circulation

A

blood travels from the heart to the gas exchange structures, but then returns to the heart to be pumped a second time before traveling to the rest of the body (4 chambered heart)

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8
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

the arteries and veins that circulate blood through the gas exchange organs (heart and lungs)

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9
Q

Systemic circuit

A

the arteries and veins that circulate blood through all parts of the body other than the gas exchange structures

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10
Q

2 atria and 1 ventricle, no septum found in….

A

Amphibians

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11
Q

2 atria and 1 ventricle partially divided by an incomplete septum found in….

A

Reptiles excluding birds

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12
Q

2 atria and 2 ventricles with complete septum found in…

A

Mammals and birds

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13
Q

pulmonary circuit pathway

A

right ventricle to respiratory surface (oxygen gained, CO2 lost) and back to left atrium
(RV > lungs > LA)

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14
Q

systemic circuit pathway

A

takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the tissues, removes carbon dioxide from the tissues, then returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
(LV > organ tissues > RA)

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15
Q

What week of fetal development does heart start beating?

A

Third

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16
Q

The vertebrate cardiovascular system works in tandem with the….

A

Respiratory system

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17
Q

Blood

A

the tissue that transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, wastes, and nutrients to the body

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18
Q

Atrium

A

a chamber of the heart that receives blood arriving from the rest of the body

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19
Q

Ventricle

A

a chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart; receive blood from large veins and direct it into the ventricles

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20
Q

Artery

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward capillaries

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21
Q

Capillaries

A

small blood vessels with very thin walls where exchange between blood and interstitial fluid occurs

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22
Q

Veins

A

blood vessels that return blood from the capillaries back to the heart

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23
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pushes blood throughout body

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24
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pushes blood to nearby lung (less muscular)

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25
Q

septum

A

thick wall dividing two sides of the heart

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26
Q

As the ventricles contract…

A

the atria relax

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27
Q

Left side of heart

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs; pumps blood to the rest of body (far distance).

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28
Q

Right side of heart

A

receives deoxygenated blood from body; pumps blood to lungs (short distance).

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29
Q

diastole

A

relaxation (filling phase)

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30
Q

systole

A

contraction (pumping phase)

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31
Q

Cardiac cycle (3 steps)

A
  1. Entire heart in diastole
  2. Atria systole & ventricle diastole
  3. Ventricle systole & atria diastole
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32
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

separate the atria from the ventricles (atrial blood enters ventricles through here)

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33
Q

aorta

A

blood pumped throughout body via this

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34
Q

Valves within the heart prevent

A

backflow of blood

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35
Q

chordae tendinae

A

heart strings; hold valves in place

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36
Q

sound caused by blood pressure against the atrioventricular valves

A

lub

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37
Q

semilunar valves closing makes this sound

A

dub

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38
Q

semilunar valves

A

The valves between the ventricles and the major arteries leaving the heart

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39
Q

The 2 AV valves

A

tricuspid and mitral

40
Q

The 2 SL valves

A

pulmonary and aortic

41
Q

If the two ventricles are slightly out of sequence, so that one closes first, the second sound may “stutter” or “split”. A constant “split” may indicate:

A

hypertrophy (enlargement) of one ventricle

42
Q

pulse

A

heartbeats per minute

43
Q

Blood pressure

A

the pressure that blood exerts in all directions, including against the walls of blood vessels (systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure)

44
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

the force your blood exerts on the walls of your closed circulatory system during relaxation

45
Q

Systolic pressure

A

the force of left ventricle contraction, which pushes blood through the circulatory system

46
Q

hypertension

A

High BP (reading higher than 130/80)

47
Q

mycardium

A

heart muscle; undergoes rhythmic contractions without receiving nerve impulses

48
Q

Heart beat is controlled by

A

intrinsic (inside the heart) and extrinsic (outside the heart) factors

49
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

a medical device that uses electrical impulses (delivered by electrodes that contact the heart muscles) to regulate the beating of the heart

50
Q

arrhythmia

A

abnormal heart beat

51
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart beat

52
Q

The heart beat is initiated in the

A

sinoatrial node

53
Q

blood vessels

A

transport blood through the body

54
Q

Arteries are _____ walled and _____ pressured

A

thick; high

55
Q

Veins are _____ walled and _____ pressured

A

thin; low

56
Q

Arterioles

A

small vessels that branch from larger arteries and are structurally similar to arteries

57
Q

Blood leaving capillaries collects in larger vessels called

A

Venules

58
Q

Veins have (2 things)

A

Valves to prevent backflow

Skeletal muscle to pump

59
Q

Capillary walls are composed of

A

a single layer of epithelial cells surrounded by a layer of connective tissue

60
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

regulate blood flow

61
Q

Mechanisms of exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid in capillary beds include

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Endo/exocytosis
  3. Bulk flow
62
Q

Large blood proteins are responsible for

A

Blood’s osmotic pressure

63
Q

Lymphatic system

A

A system of vessels and lymph nodes that return fluid, small proteins and solutes to the blood

64
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid lost by capillaries

65
Q

How is blood critical to homeostasis? (5 things)

A
  1. It regulates the internal environment of the body by diffusing ions (electrolytes) into the fluid around tissues
  2. Blood clots
  3. transports heat between the body core and the skin
  4. transports hormones and nutrients
  5. Cellular elements in the blood transport oxygen and destroy pathogens in the body
66
Q

Liquid portion of the blood

A

Plasma

67
Q

Solid portion of the blood

A

Cellular elements erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets

68
Q

Electrolytes in the blood

A

Phosphorus and potassium

69
Q

_____ help maintain blood’s osmotic pressure, so water will remain inside the vessels instead of diffusing into tissues

A

Proteins

70
Q

hormones, nutrients, and gases are dissolved in the

A

plasma

71
Q

Cellular elements of the blood originate in the

A

bone marrow

72
Q

______ in the bone marrow give rise to different types of blood cells

A

Hematopoieticstem cells

73
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A

defensive cells and are critical to the immune system

74
Q

Neutrophils

A

destroy bacteria

75
Q

Eosinophils

A

liberate histamines and serotonins in allergic reactions

76
Q

Lymphocytes

A

produce the immune response in your body

77
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

78
Q

T cells

A

help in pathogen attacks

79
Q

Monocytes

A

for phagocytosis of foreign bodies

80
Q

Red blood cells (RBC; erythrocytes)

A

carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin

81
Q

Hemoglobin

A

four-subunit protein with each protein capable of carrying four oxygen molecules (and having four heme groups) to the tissues

82
Q

In mammals RBCs do not have:

A

A nucleus

83
Q

C02 is also transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma where it serves as a

A

Buffer

84
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.3-7.4

85
Q

thrombin

A

an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin in blood clotting

86
Q

_____ and _____ depend on the integrated functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

A

Mammals and birds

87
Q

Single circulation is _____ efficient than double circulation

A

more

88
Q

We use only about ____ percent of the oxygen that we breathe in

A

4 to 5

89
Q

Air pathway to the alveoli

A

Pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

90
Q

Inhalation and exhalation are governed by muscular movements of the

A

Thoracic cavity

91
Q

Your ____ drops when you inhale

A

Diaphragm

92
Q

Inhalation is a _____ process

A

Active

93
Q

Exhalation is a _____ process

A

Passive

94
Q

Respiratory rate is governed by

A

the medulla oblongata and the pons in the brain stem.

95
Q

The body can sense the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood through

A

chemoreceptors in the carotid artery and aorta

96
Q

High carbon dioxide levels immediately trigger

A

an increase in the depth and rate of respiration

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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