Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Flashcards
metabolic rate
amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to…
body mass
homeostasis
maintaining a steady internal state regardless of external environment
Ectotherm
primarily use heat from the external environment to warm their internal body temperature
Endotherm
use heat generated internally by metabolic reactions to maintain body temperature
Basal metabolic rate
the amount of energy that an endothermic animal uses to sustain basic functions
Standard metabolic rate
the amount of energy that an ectotherm animal uses to sustain basic functions
negative feedback
a process that detects a stimulus and returns the body to a normal range
Water - negative feedback
Brain triggers thirst when it detects a low blood volume
Electrolytes (ions) - negative feedback
Potassium is needed for nerve and muscle function or your muscles cramp; calcium is needed for blood clotting and muscle/nerve function
Sugar - negative feedback
Glucose is a key source of energy. Without it, you are lethargic
Evaporation
a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase; an efficient means to rid the body of excessive heat energy, thereby cooling it
Radiation
the transfer of energy with via electromagnetic waves (e.g., sun, fire).
Convection
the movement of heat by actual motion (e.g., warm breeze).
Conduction
the transfer of heat energy by direct contact (e.g., the warm rock).
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
Thermoregulation
processes by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
3 ways to measure metabolism
- Monitoring heat loss
- Amount of O2 consumed/CO2 produced via respiration
- Measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products
Oxytocin during delivery of the baby is ____ feedback
Positive
Stimulus is detected by _____
Sensors/receptors
After a stimulus is detected what is triggered?
Response/effectors
5 adaptations for thermoregulation
– Insulation – Circulatory adaptations – Cooling by evaporative heat loss – Behavioral responses – Adjusting metabolic heat production
Insulation
hair, feathers and fat traps heat near the body surface
Circulatory adaptations
vasodilation / vasoconstriction; counter-current heat exchangers
Vasodilation
blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
Vasoconstriction
blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
countercurrent exchange
transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss (usually in marine mammals and birds)
Examples of cooling by evaporative heat loss
Sweating, panting, bathing, licking
Examples of behavioral adaptation for thermoregulation
- honeybees that huddle together in cold weather
2. standing with your backside to the wind when it is very cold and windy
Thermogenesis (+example)
he adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature (i.e. shivering)
Parts of thermoregulation
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effectors
- Result
Receptor: skin
Control center: brain
Effectors: muscles
Result: goosebumps (just one example)
Is thermoregulation positive or negative feedback?
Negative
Thermoregulation in mammals is controlled by the….
Hypothalamus
Blood clotting is _____ feedback
Positive
Uterine contractions are _____ feedback
Positive
A fever is _____ feedback
Positive
A fever is activated by _______
Pyrogens
rate of exchange is proportional to
surface area of cell
amount of exchange is proportional to
volume of cell
Tissues
groups of cells with similar function
Epithelial tissue
covers the body, lines body cavities, composes glands
Connective tissue
connects structures of the body, provides structural support, holds organs together
Muscle tissue
allows movement and produces heat for the body
Nervous tissue
responds to the environment by detecting, processing, and coordinating information
________ is a covering and lining tissue. It is found everywhere there is a surface.
Epithelial tissue
______ has no blood vessels
It is composed of cells laid together in sheets.
Epithelial tissue
Simple epithelium
has one layer of cells and usually functions as a diffusion or absorption membrane. Examples: Lining of blood vessels and respiratory tract.
Stratified epithelium
has many layers of cells and is designed for protection. Examples: Outer layer of skin.
Glandular epithelium
secretes products into the body
exocrine glands
secrete products into ducts (e.g., salivary glands, sweat glands)
endocrine glands
have no ducts; they secrete directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid (e.g., adrenal glands, thyroid glands, pituitary glands)
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in…
glandular tissue and in the kidney tubules
Simple columnar epithelium is found in…
stomach lining and intenstines
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in….
respiratory tract lining
Stratified squamous epithelium is found in….
upper surface of the tongue, the hard palate of the mouth, the esophagus and anus
Simple squamous epithelium is found in….
alveoli in the lungs
Collagen
for strength; one of the most abundant proteins in the animal kingdom
Elastin
for flexibility, stretch, and recoil
Types of connective tissues
Cartilage, bone, blood, lymph
_____ is a unique connective tissue because it is avascular
Cartilage
Cartilage is made from
chondrocytes
Osteoarthritis is difficult to treat because…
Cartilage is avascular
Hyaline connective tissue is found in…
- found at the ends of your bones and allows bones to slide against one another without causing damage
- found in the trachea and your nose
- during development your entire skeleton is hyaline cartilage; hyaline cartilage is replaced by ossification (hardening)
Elastic connective tissue
allows the tissue to bend and then return to shape
examples: ear and epiglottis in trachea
Bone
hard, mineralized tissue found in the skeleton
canaliculi
a small channel in ossified bone; it’s how cells remain in contact with each other
Blood and lymph are _____ connective tissues
Soft
Blood
composed of specialized cells that are carried in the fluid matrix, or plasma; main function is to transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes
Lymph
derived from the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells; is collected in the lymphatic vessels
Adipose tissue contains cells that are specialized for
Lipid storage
Adipose tissue does not have…
extensive cellular matrix
Cellulite “bumps” on the skin indicate…
where the adipose matrix is connected to the skin
Skeletal muscular tissue
moves limbs and stabilizes our trunk; have more than one nucleus; voluntary (example: biceps)
Smooth muscle
lines blood vessels and moves food through your digestive tract; one nucleus per cell; involuntary
Cardiac muscle
located in heart; one nucleus per cell; involuntary (contracts without your control)
What facilitates the rhythmic control of the heartbeat?
intercalated discs
peripheral nervous system
gathers messages from the body’s sensory organs to the spinal cord, which routes the information to the brain. It also carries impulses that cause muscular movement or glandular secretion.
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord; receives and integrates information
endocrine system
transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells
