Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 211 > Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to…

A

body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a steady internal state regardless of external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ectotherm

A

primarily use heat from the external environment to warm their internal body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endotherm

A

use heat generated internally by metabolic reactions to maintain body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy that an endothermic animal uses to sustain basic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy that an ectotherm animal uses to sustain basic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

negative feedback

A

a process that detects a stimulus and returns the body to a normal range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water - negative feedback

A

Brain triggers thirst when it detects a low blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Electrolytes (ions) - negative feedback

A

Potassium is needed for nerve and muscle function or your muscles cramp; calcium is needed for blood clotting and muscle/nerve function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sugar - negative feedback

A

Glucose is a key source of energy. Without it, you are lethargic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evaporation

A

a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase; an efficient means to rid the body of excessive heat energy, thereby cooling it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Radiation

A

the transfer of energy with via electromagnetic waves (e.g., sun, fire).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Convection

A

the movement of heat by actual motion (e.g., warm breeze).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conduction

A

the transfer of heat energy by direct contact (e.g., the warm rock).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Thermoregulation

A

processes by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 ways to measure metabolism

A
  1. Monitoring heat loss
  2. Amount of O2 consumed/CO2 produced via respiration
  3. Measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxytocin during delivery of the baby is ____ feedback

A

Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stimulus is detected by _____

A

Sensors/receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

After a stimulus is detected what is triggered?

A

Response/effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

5 adaptations for thermoregulation

A 
– Insulation
– Circulatory adaptations
– Cooling by evaporative heat loss
– Behavioral responses
– Adjusting metabolic heat production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Insulation

A

hair, feathers and fat traps heat near the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Circulatory adaptations

A

vasodilation / vasoconstriction; counter-current heat exchangers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Vasodilation
blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
26
Vasoconstriction
blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
27
countercurrent exchange
transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss (usually in marine mammals and birds)
28
Examples of cooling by evaporative heat loss
Sweating, panting, bathing, licking
29
Examples of behavioral adaptation for thermoregulation
1. honeybees that huddle together in cold weather | 2. standing with your backside to the wind when it is very cold and windy
30
Thermogenesis (+example)
he adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature (i.e. shivering)
31
Parts of thermoregulation - Receptor - Control Center - Effectors - Result
Receptor: skin Control center: brain Effectors: muscles Result: goosebumps (just one example)
32
Is thermoregulation positive or negative feedback?
Negative
33
Thermoregulation in mammals is controlled by the....
Hypothalamus
34
Blood clotting is _____ feedback
Positive
35
Uterine contractions are _____ feedback
Positive
36
A fever is _____ feedback
Positive
37
A fever is activated by _______
Pyrogens
38
rate of exchange is proportional to
surface area of cell
39
amount of exchange is proportional to
volume of cell
40
Tissues
groups of cells with similar function
41
Epithelial tissue
covers the body, lines body cavities, composes glands
42
Connective tissue
connects structures of the body, provides structural support, holds organs together
43
Muscle tissue
allows movement and produces heat for the body
44
Nervous tissue
responds to the environment by detecting, processing, and coordinating information
45
________ is a covering and lining tissue. It is found everywhere there is a surface.
Epithelial tissue
46
______ has no blood vessels | It is composed of cells laid together in sheets.
Epithelial tissue
47
Simple epithelium
has one layer of cells and usually functions as a diffusion or absorption membrane. Examples: Lining of blood vessels and respiratory tract.
48
Stratified epithelium
has many layers of cells and is designed for protection. Examples: Outer layer of skin.
49
Glandular epithelium
secretes products into the body
50
exocrine glands
secrete products into ducts (e.g., salivary glands, sweat glands)
51
endocrine glands
have no ducts; they secrete directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid (e.g., adrenal glands, thyroid glands, pituitary glands)
52
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in...
glandular tissue and in the kidney tubules
53
Simple columnar epithelium is found in...
stomach lining and intenstines
54
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in....
respiratory tract lining
55
Stratified squamous epithelium is found in....
upper surface of the tongue, the hard palate of the mouth, the esophagus and anus
56
Simple squamous epithelium is found in....
alveoli in the lungs
57
Collagen
for strength; one of the most abundant proteins in the animal kingdom
58
Elastin
for flexibility, stretch, and recoil
59
Types of connective tissues
Cartilage, bone, blood, lymph
60
_____ is a unique connective tissue because it is avascular
Cartilage
61
Cartilage is made from
chondrocytes
62
Osteoarthritis is difficult to treat because...
Cartilage is avascular
63
Hyaline connective tissue is found in...
* found at the ends of your bones and allows bones to slide against one another without causing damage * found in the trachea and your nose * during development your entire skeleton is hyaline cartilage; hyaline cartilage is replaced by ossification (hardening)
64
Elastic connective tissue
allows the tissue to bend and then return to shape | examples: ear and epiglottis in trachea
65
Bone
hard, mineralized tissue found in the skeleton
66
canaliculi
a small channel in ossified bone; it's how cells remain in contact with each other
67
Blood and lymph are _____ connective tissues
Soft
68
Blood
composed of specialized cells that are carried in the fluid matrix, or plasma; main function is to transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes
69
Lymph
derived from the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells; is collected in the lymphatic vessels
70
Adipose tissue contains cells that are specialized for
Lipid storage
71
Adipose tissue does not have...
extensive cellular matrix
72
Cellulite “bumps” on the skin indicate...
where the adipose matrix is connected to the skin
73
Skeletal muscular tissue
moves limbs and stabilizes our trunk; have more than one nucleus; voluntary (example: biceps)
74
Smooth muscle
lines blood vessels and moves food through your digestive tract; one nucleus per cell; involuntary
75
Cardiac muscle
located in heart; one nucleus per cell; involuntary (contracts without your control)
76
What facilitates the rhythmic control of the heartbeat?
intercalated discs
77
peripheral nervous system
gathers messages from the body's sensory organs to the spinal cord, which routes the information to the brain. It also carries impulses that cause muscular movement or glandular secretion.
78
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord; receives and integrates information
79
endocrine system
transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells

BIO 211 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions