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BIO 211 > Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Energy is stored in human tissues and cells as…

A

ATP

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2
Q

ATP is released as…

A

heat from the surface of our bodies

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3
Q

The entire biosphere relies on _____ to convert the sun’s energy to organic fuel from the sun’s energy.

A

producers

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4
Q

4 types of consumers

A

herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore

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5
Q

Consumers

A

heterotrophic; cannot create food molecules, they must obtain them from other organisms; cannot perform photosynthesis; must get energy from sun through plants

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6
Q

Producers

A

autotrophic; assemble usable food molecules through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

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7
Q

An adequate diet must satisfy three nutritional needs:

A
  1. chemical energy for cellular processes and maintaining homeostasis
  2. organic building blocks needed to synthesize the carbon molecules that form the body and for biosynthesis
  3. provide essential nutrients (molecules that the body is incapable of synthesizing and that must be ingested)
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8
Q

cellular respiration

A

Energy (in the form of ATP) is extracted from food by oxidizing carbohydrates (CHOs), proteins, and fats

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9
Q

biosynthesis

A

the process of building components for the body like proteins

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10
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down to

A

Smaller sugar molecules

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11
Q

Proteins are broken down into

A

amino acids

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12
Q

Fats are broken down into

A

fatty acids

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13
Q

The four classes of essential nutrients:

A
  1. Essential amino acids
  2. Essential fatty acids
  3. Vitamins (function as coenzymes)
  4. Minerals (function as cofactors)
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14
Q

How do strict herbivores survive on a vegetarian diet?

A

They eat a variety of plant tissues and plant species, ingest large quantities of plant materials, and have specialized digestive tracts with symbiotic bacteria and protozoa.

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15
Q

“complete” proteins

A

provide all the essential amino acids (i.e. meat, eggs, cheese)

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16
Q

plants have a high _____ ratio

A

C:N

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17
Q

Lipids and fatty acids are necessary for

A

building cell membranes and synthesizing some hormones

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18
Q

Animals can synthesize most of the fatty acids they need from….

A

Seeds, grains, vegetables

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19
Q

The essential fatty acids must be obtained from the diet and include…

A

certain unsaturated fatty acids (1 or more double bond)

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20
Q

Vitamins and minerals are…

A

Micronutrients

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21
Q

Vitamins and minerals are not _______; but used _____

A

broken down; in tact

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22
Q

Vitamins

A

organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts

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23
Q

Minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

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24
Q

Ingesting large amounts of some minerals can…

A

upset homeostatic balance

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25
Q

needed in large amounts to form the matrix of bone

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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26
Q

needed for function of nerves and muscles

A

Calcium

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27
Q

needed for building nucleic acids

A

Phosphorus

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28
Q

digestive system

A

breaks down food and prepares nutrients for circulation through the blood so that nutrients reach every cell in our body

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29
Q

_____ have the shortest and simplest digestive tracts and large, expandable stomachs

A

Carnivores

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30
Q

_____ and _____ have longer alimentary canals, reflecting the longer time needed to digest vegetation

A

Herbivores; omnivores

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31
Q

Ruminant Adaptations

A
  1. Longer alimentary canals

2. Pouches that house bacteria and protists that can break down cellulose – enlarged cecum and multi-chambered stomach

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32
Q

Ruminant

A

large herbivorous animals that have a four chambered stomach and “chew the cud” to increase efficiency of digestion of cellulose (deer, cattle, sheep)

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33
Q

What are special digestive adaptations of frugivores?

A

Their digestive system is adapted such that they can consume a large number of fruits without affecting the seeds in a negative way

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34
Q

Fruit bat adaptations

A

Short digestive time
Large liver
No caecum or appendix
Short large intestine

35
Q

Substrate Feeders

A

live on or in their food source (i.e. caterpillars)

36
Q

Fluid feeders

A

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host (e.g., mosquitoes)

37
Q

Filter feeder example

A

Baleen whales

38
Q

Suspension feeders

A

sift small food particles from the water (e.g., fan worm, hydra)

39
Q

Bulk feeders

A

Eat relatively large pieces of food (snakes)

40
Q

4 stages of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
41
Q

coprophagy

A

consuming own feces for additional nutrients

42
Q

Ingestion

A

foods and liquids are taken into the digestive compartment

43
Q

Digestion

A

food is broken down by both mechanical and chemical processes

44
Q

Absorption

A

the epithelial cells lining the GI tract absorb the digested food molecules and pass them to the blood or lymph.

45
Q

Elimination

A

any substance not digested or absorbed, for whatever reason, is passed along to the end of GI tract, the anus, and leaves the body

46
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Chewing; increases surface area of food

47
Q

Chemical digestion

A

splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes; these are used to build larger molecules

48
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

49
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

In order obtain food, sponges pass water through their bodies in a process known as filter-feeding. Water is drawn into the sponge through tiny holes called incurrent pores (intracellular)

50
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

digestive pouch with one opening where food is ingested and wastes are eliminated; digestion is extracellular

51
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

each cell engulfs food particles in food vacuoles; digestion occurs when a food vacuole fuses with a lysosome containing digestive enzymes

52
Q

Alimentary canal

A

digestive tube with two openings (mouth and anus); digestion is extracellular; most common digestive compartment in animals

53
Q

In the oral cavity, ______ deliver saliva to lubricate food.

A

Salivary glands

54
Q

salivary amylase

A

initiates breakdown of glucose

55
Q

The tongue shapes food into a

A

bolus

56
Q

pharynx

A

the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea (throat)

57
Q

esophagus

A

connects to the stomach and conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis

58
Q

peristaltic wave

A

rhythmic muscular contractions

59
Q

stomach

A

a J-shaped organ that lies beneath the esophagus; churns and mixes the bolus with the stomach acids and begins protein digestion; converts food into chyme

60
Q

chyme

A

partially digested food

61
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

separates stomach from small intestine; opens to allow chyme enter the small intestine only when it is chemically ready

62
Q

rugae

A

Folds in the stomach walls that permit expansion somewhat like a deflated punching ball

63
Q

pH of stomach

A

2

64
Q

thick, viscous, alkaline mucus

A

protects stomach from its own acids

65
Q

Gastric juices secreted by stomach

A
  1. pepsin (breaks down proteins)
  2. gastric lipase (breaks down fats)
  3. HCl (kills microbes and denatures proteins)
  4. factors that assist in absorption of vitamin B12
66
Q

Vitamin B12

A

necessary for creation of blood cells

67
Q

small intestine

A

the only portion of the GI tract where nutrients are taken into the cells and where nutrients are absorbed

68
Q

Once in the small intestine, the chyme stimulates the release of hormones which affect….

A

Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

69
Q

The villi of the small intestine increase

A

Surface area allowing for better absorption

70
Q

mitochondria

A

convert glucose into ATP

71
Q

capillaries in the villi

A

deliver nutrients to the body

72
Q

pancreas

A

makes insulin and glucagon, hormones that are responsible for regulating glucose uptake by the cells

73
Q

liver

A

largest organ; monitors blood from small intestine; cleanses blood before it goes to the heart; monitors the glucose level in the blood

74
Q

Cholesterol, plasma proteins, and blood lipids are manufactured in

A

liver cells

75
Q

When blood glucose level exceeds 0.1%….

A

liver cells remove and store the excess as glycogen

76
Q

gallbladder

A

a small organ that aids in digestion and stores bile produced by the liver

77
Q

Bile

A

formed by the liver as a by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin and cholesterol; breaks larger fat globules into smaller ones.

78
Q

large intestine function

A

reabsorb the water that was added to the chyme to begin digestion

79
Q

large intestine parts

A

colon, caecum, appendix, rectum, and anus

80
Q

Compacted chyme

A

feces

81
Q

When the feces move into the rectum and press against the external anal sphincter, this triggers

A

Defecation

82
Q

______ propels feces into the rectum

A

Peristalsis

83
Q

What expels feces?

A

Skeletal muscles

84
Q

Humans and great apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) share a common gut anatomy, but what is different about them?

A

great ape: large intestine is majority of the gut

humans: small intestine is the majority of the gut

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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