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BIO 211 > Chapter 47: Animal Development > Flashcards

Chapter 47: Animal Development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fertilization

A

the formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm

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2
Q

Polyspermy

A

the entry of multiple sperm nuclei into the egg

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3
Q

If polyspermy were to occur…

A

the resulting abnormal number of chromosomes

would be lethal for the embryo

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4
Q

Acrosomal reaction - induced by what? essential role?

A

an exocytotic event induced by a Ca+ influx (occurs after sperm capacitation) - essential role during fertilization is making spermatozoa able of penetrating the zona and capable of fusing with the egg plasma membrane

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5
Q

Acrosome

A

a specialized vesicle at the tip of the sperm

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6
Q

Cortical reaction

A

a process initiated during fertilization that prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg - Enzymes and other granule contents then trigger a cortical reaction, which lifts the vitelline
layer away from the egg and hardens the layer into a protective fertilization envelope

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7
Q

What triggers egg activation?

A

In many animals, egg activation is triggered by fertilization, which increases intracellular calcium within the oocyte and thereby regulates molecular events of egg activation

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

a series of rapid cell divisions during early development; addresses the need to restore a balance between the cell’s size and its DNA content

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9
Q

Blastula

A

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells

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10
Q

Blastomere

A

a cell formed by cleavage of a fertilized ovum

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11
Q

Blastocoel

A

the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula

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12
Q

Cortical rotation

A

the outer layer of the cell (the cortex) rotates relative to the inner cytoplasm (If cortical rotation is disrupted, then this organizer is never formed and the embryo becomes a mass of ventral tissue (belly piece)

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13
Q

Yolk

A

stored nutrients in the egg

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14
Q

Vegetal pole

A

yolk is concentrated toward here

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15
Q

Animal pole

A

yolk is concentrated away from here

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16
Q

Gastrulation

A

a set of cells at or near the surface of the blastula moves to an interior location, cell layers are established, and a primitive digestive tube is formed

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17
Q

Organogenesis

A

formation of organs

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18
Q

Morphogenesis

A

a biological process that causes a tissue or organ to develop its shape by controlling the spatial distribution of cells during embryonic development

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19
Q

Germ layers

A

cell layers produced during gastrulation

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20
Q

Ectoderm

A

epidermis of skin + nervous system + pituitary gland

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21
Q

Endoderm

A

lining of digestive tract

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22
Q

Mesoderm

A

third layer between endo and ectoderm - muscle, skeleton, reproductive and excretory systems

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23
Q

Blastocyst

A

the embryo has more than 100 cells arranged around a central cavity and has reached the uterus (mammalian version of blastula)

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24
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Clustered at one end of the blastocyst cavity is a group of cells which develop into embryo (source of embryonic stem cell lines)

25
Q

Trophoblast

A

the outer epithelium of the blastocyst; implantation is initiated by this

26
Q

Extraembryonic membranes (also, how many?)

A

arise from the embryo, but enclose specialized structures located outside the embryo; 4

27
Q

Amniote

A

an animal whose embryo develops in an amnion (a membrane forming a fluid-filled cavity)

28
Q

Neurulation

A

a process in which the neural plate bends up and later fuses to form the hollow tube that will eventually differentiate into the brain and the spinal cord

29
Q

Notochord

A

a rod that extends along the dorsal side of

the chordate embryo

30
Q

Induction + example

A

a process in which a group of cells or tissues influences the development of another group through close-range interactions
Example: formation of the neural plate

31
Q

Neural tube

A

forms the early brain and spine

32
Q

Neural crest

A

a set of cells that develops along the borders where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm (become peripheral nerves, teeth, skull bones)

33
Q

Somites (and what do they form?)

A 
blocks of mesoderm that are located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo - formation of vertebrae, ribs, and
associated muscles (segmentation)
34
Q

Convergent extension + example

A

a rearrangement that causes a sheet of cells to become narrower (converge) while it becomes longer (extends)
example: gastrulation

35
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

36
Q

Determination

A

the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes

committed to a particular fate

37
Q

Differentiation

A

specialization in structure and function

38
Q

Fate maps

A

diagrams showing the structures arising from each region of an embryo

39
Q

Totipotent

A

can develop into all the different cell types of that species

40
Q

Pattern formation

A

the process governing the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space

41
Q

Positional information

A

tell a cell where it is with respect to the animal’s body axes and help to determine how the cell and its descendants will respond to molecular signaling during embryonic development (the molecular cues that control pattern formation)

42
Q

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

A

a thickened area of ectoderm at the tip of the bud and acts as a major signaling center to ensure proper development of a limb

43
Q

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

A

a specialized block of mesodermal tissue which instructs the developing limb bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis

44
Q

fertilization process - 3 steps

A
  1. sperm dissolve or penetrate any protective layer surrounding the egg to reach the plasma membrane
  2. molecules on the sperm surface bind to receptors on the egg surface, helping ensure that fertilization involves a sperm and egg of the same species
  3. changes at the surface of the egg prevent polyspermy
45
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A

short-lasting depolarization of the egg that prevents other sperm from fusing with the eggs membrane - depolarization caused by sodium ions (No fast block to polyspermy is known in mammals)

46
Q

Formation of the fertilization envelope requires…

A

a high concentration of calcium ions in the egg

47
Q

What marks the end of fertilization?

A

First cell division

48
Q

initial embryonic development is carried out by

A

mRNA and proteins

49
Q

What restores balance between between the cell’s size and its DNA content?

A

Cleavage

50
Q

Amphibians and mammals undergo what type of cleavage?

A

Holoblastic (little yolk)

51
Q

Meroblastic cleavage

A

only the region of the egg lacking yolk undergoes cleavage (lots of yolk)

52
Q

archenteron

A

embryonic alimentary cavity that develops into the digestive tract

53
Q

Embryonic development begins where?

A

While egg is completing journey down oviduct to uterus

54
Q

the human embryo develops almost

entirely from

A

epiblast cells

55
Q

placenta

A

mediates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and
nitrogenous wastes between the developing embryo
and the mother

56
Q

What happens when someone’s water breaks?

A

Amniotic fluid is released

57
Q

spina bifida

A

occurs when a portion of the neural tube fails to develop or close properly

58
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Responsible for cell shape and cell migration

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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