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BIO 211 > Chapter 45: Animal Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 45: Animal Hormones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adrenaline

A

(Epinephrine) a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and helps the body to adjust to sudden stress; increases strength and rate of the heartbeat and raises the blood pressure; speeds up conversion of glycogen into glucose, which provides energy to the muscles

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2
Q

Hormone

A

chemical signal secreted into the circulatory system that communicates regulatory messages in the body

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3
Q

2 basic functions of hormones

A
  1. responsible for sequential changes of growth and maturation
  2. agents of response when homeostasis is disrupted
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4
Q

The action of a hormone is entirely dependent on

A

the target cell

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5
Q

Endocrine gland

A

gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding the gland and the hormone diffuses into the circulatory system; ductless gland

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6
Q

Exocrine gland

A

glands that secrete into ducts

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7
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

nerve cells that secrete hormones in response to nerve impulses

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8
Q

Neurohormones

A

hormones produced by neurosecretory cells

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9
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

secreted molecules diffuse into the blood and affect target cells

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10
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

secreted molecules diffuse locally and affect target cells (local hormone)

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11
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response from the cells that secrete them

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12
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in target tissues

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13
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling

A

neurohormones diffuse into the blood and target cells in the body

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14
Q

Local regulators

A

molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion (i.e. paracrine and autocrine signaling)

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

a molecule released from a synapse that triggers a response (local regulator)

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16
Q

Prostoglandin

A

a fatty acid that is secreted from a tissue and performs as a local regulator

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17
Q

Human growth hormone (GH) is produced in the

A

anterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

Human growth hormone (GH) stimulates the growth of

A

muscle, cartilage, and bone, and causes many cells to speed up protein synthesis, cell division (growth)

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19
Q

Negative feedback after puberty results in

A

less GH and growth

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20
Q

Cause of gigantism

A

Overproduction of GH

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21
Q

Cause of dwarfism

A

Underproduction of GH

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22
Q

Acromegaly

A

the secretion of excess growth hormone after puberty (when further increase in height is impossible).

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23
Q

Steroid hormone examples

A

testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

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24
Q

Steroid hormones

A

lipid-soluble, and can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes

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25
Q

The receptors for steroid hormones

A

.lie within or near cell DNA (tend to act slowly)

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26
Q

Nonsteroid hormone examples

A

epinephrine, insulin, serotonin

27
Q

Nonsteroid hormones

A

not lipid-soluble, so they cannot penetrate the cell membrane. Instead, they are picked up by receptors on the cell’s surface. They are mainly composed of amino acids. They are easily transported in the blood. Tend to act quickly and powerfully

28
Q

binding of the hormone with the receptor initiates a

A

signal transduction pathway

29
Q

The actual cell response at the end of the signal transduction pathway may arise as a result of

A

transcriptional regulation or post translational modification

30
Q

What regulates the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

Pituitary gland

A

stimulates thyroid and thymus; stimulates growth hormone, water retention, egg/sperm development, milk production, and much more

32
Q

Adrenal glands

A

raises blood glucose, affects Na/K levels, produces small amounts of sex hormones, regulates kidney function

33
Q

Thyroid

A

regulates metabolic rate and development, lowers calcium levels

34
Q

Parathyroid

A

raises blood calcium levels

35
Q

Thymus

A

produces T cells for the immune response

36
Q

Pineal gland

A

regulates sleep, circadian rhythm, and possibly onset of puberty

37
Q

Pancreas

A

monitors blood glucose levels

38
Q

Gonads

A

spermatogenesis, oogenesis, secondary sex characteristics

39
Q

Posterior pituitary releases two non-tropic hormones:

A

antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin

40
Q

Non-tropic hormones

A

hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects

41
Q

Tropic hormones

A

hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets

42
Q

Oxytocin

A

involved in generating uterine contractions during childbirth, acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production

43
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood

44
Q

Antagonistic hormones

A

2 hormones that have opposite effects on a physiological process and thereby exert tight control over the physiological process

45
Q

glucagon and insulin

A

control blood glucose

46
Q

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

A

control calcium (Ca2+) levels in the blood

47
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulate the growth and functioning of the ovaries and testes which produce estrogen and testosterone (not produced until puberty)

48
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

maintains basal metabolic rate

49
Q

ACTH

A

cortisol

50
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

important in sexually dimorphic traits, stimulates milk production in female mammals.

51
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

darkens skin

52
Q

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate through two _____ feedback loops

A

negative

53
Q

The hypothalamus secretes ______ that increases secretion of ______ by the anterior pituitary.

A

TRH; TSH

54
Q

Diabetes

A

endocrine disorder in which sufficient uptake of glucose from the blood does not occur.

55
Q

Two causes of diabetes:

A
  1. Beta cells do not produce insulin (Type 1 diabetes; juvenile diabetes)
  2. Target cells do not respond to insulin because of a dysfunction in the endocrine receptors (Type 2; adult-onset).
56
Q

Two problems that arise from diabetes:

A
  1. blood acidified

2. dehydration

57
Q

Osmoregulation results from

A

negative feedback

58
Q

increased ADH results in ____ urine

A

More

59
Q

Alcohol ______ the release of ADH

A

Inhibits

60
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis (blood pressure/fluid balance)

61
Q

A drop in blood pressure near the glomerulus causes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

to release the enzyme renin

62
Q

Renin triggers the formation of

A

the peptide angiotensin II

63
Q

angiotensin II

A

help to conserve body water and salts to compensate for the increased outflow of both after major wounds or diarrhea

64
Q

Endorphins are secreted by

A

The anterior pituitary

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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