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BIO 211 > Chapter 35: Vascular plant structure, growth, and development > Flashcards

Chapter 35: Vascular plant structure, growth, and development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

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2
Q

2 clades of angiosperms

A

Monocots & eudicots

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3
Q

3 basic organs of angiosperms

A

Roots, stems & leaves

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4
Q

2 organ systems of angiosperms

A

Root system & shoot system

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5
Q

Root system function

A

(Roots) Anchor the plant & absorb water/minerals

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6
Q

Shoot system function

A

(Stems and leaves) Gather light and CO2 to make food and energy

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7
Q

Taproot

A

Large vertical root with smaller roots that branch off (eudicot)

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8
Q

Fibrous roots

A

Roots form a shallow mat (monocot); no dominant root like a taproot

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9
Q

Primary root

A

First to emerge

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10
Q

Lateral roots

A

Responsible for absorption

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11
Q

Root hairs

A

Increase surface area of root tip; important in absorption

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12
Q

Stem functions

A

Elevate the leaves
Storage and transport
Some photosynthesis

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13
Q

Root functions

A

Anchor plant
Absorb water and minerals
Store carbs

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14
Q

Stem parts

A

Apical bud

Axillary bud

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15
Q

Apical bud

A

Growing shoot tip, causes elongation of a young shoot

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16
Q

Axillary bud

A

Structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

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17
Q

Potato stem

A

Tuber

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18
Q

Strawberry plant stem

A

Stolon

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19
Q

Iris stem

A

Rhizome

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20
Q

Leaf functions

A

Photosynthesis (conversion of light and CO2 to
make food and energy), increase attractiveness
to pollinators, protection

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21
Q

Leaf parts

A

Blade & petiole

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22
Q

Blade

A

Broad portion of leaf

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23
Q

Petiole

A

Joins leaf to node of stem

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24
Q

Monocot leaf veination

A

Parallel

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25
Q

Eudicot leaf veination

A

Branching

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26
Q

Types of leaf adaptations

A

Storage leaves (onion)
Spines (cactus)
Tendrils (grape)

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27
Q

3 types of plant tissues

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

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28
Q

Dermal tissue

A

made of cells that form the outer protective covering of the plant; regulates water loss, protects from physical damage or attack by pathogens

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29
Q

Cuticle

A

A waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis

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30
Q

Above ground tissues are particularly susceptible to…

A

Desiccation (loss of moisture)

31
Q

Trichomes

A

hair-like outgrowths that can help with reducing water loss and in insect defense

32
Q

Vascular tissue function

A

facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support

33
Q

2 types of vascular tissue

A

Xylem and phloem

34
Q

Xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

35
Q

Phloem

A

transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed

36
Q

Vascular tissue is collectively called the…

A

Stele

37
Q

Ground tissue

A

made of cells that are neither vascular nor dermal; function in storage, photosynthesis, support, and transport

38
Q

Pith

A

internal to the vascular tissue

39
Q

Cortex

A

external to the vascular tissue

40
Q

Water-conducting cells, tracheids and vessel

elements, are ____ at maturity.

A

Dead

41
Q

Tracheids are found in the ____ of all vascular plants and can conduct _____.

A

Xylem, water

42
Q

Sieve-tube elements are _____ at maturity, though

they lack _______.

A

alive, organelles

43
Q

Sieve plates

A

Allow fluid flow between cells

44
Q

Major types of plant cells (5 types)

A 
Tracheids
Vessel elements
Sieve-tube elements
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
45
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Thin, flexible walls
Least specialized
Metabolic functions

46
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

Thicker cell walls

Provide support

47
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A

Strengthened with lignin and are rigid
die at maturity
include sclereids and fibers

48
Q

Annuals

A

complete their life cycle in a year or less (most crops and weeds)

49
Q

Biennials

A

Require 2 growing seasons

50
Q

Perennials

A

Live and grow for many years (trees, shrubs, grasses)

51
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

growth that is not terminated (compare: determinate growth in animals)

52
Q

What is responsible for indeterminate growth?

A

Meristems

53
Q

Apical meristems

A

located at the tips of roots and shoots; cause elongation of shoots and roots in a process called primary growth

54
Q

Lateral meristems

A

allow for increase in diameter in woody plants in a process called secondary growth

55
Q

2 types of lateral meristems

A

Vascular cambium & Cork cambium

56
Q

Vascular cambium

A

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

57
Q

Cork cambium

A

replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

58
Q

Root cap

A

Covers the root, protects the apical meristem

as the root pushes through soil

59
Q

3 root zones

A

Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation (or maturation)

60
Q

Arrangement of ______ differs between eudicots

and monocots.

A

tissues

61
Q

In ______, the xylem is star-like in appearance with

phloem between the arms.

A

monocots

62
Q

In ______, a core of parenchyma cells is surrounded by rings of xylem then phloem.

A

eudicots

63
Q

Apical meristems produce:

A

leaf primordia (young leaves) and axillary buds

64
Q

Prevention of water loss is critical to the leaf surface, so most of the cuticle is protected by a…

A

Waxy layer

65
Q

Stoma

A

Allows for exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and photosynthetic cells of the leaf as well as evaporation of H2O

66
Q

Guard cells

A

Surround the stoma and regulate opening and closing

67
Q

Mesophyll

A

Consists of parenchyma cells that are specialized for photosynthesis

68
Q

In woody plants, _______ contribute to the

growth of roots and stems.

A

Lateral meristems

69
Q

_______ occurs in older regions of the plant more distant from branch or root tips.

A

Secondary growth

70
Q

Secondary xylem

A

Wood

71
Q

Older layers of secondary xylem

A

Heartwood

72
Q

Outer layers of secondary xylem

A

Sapwood

73
Q

Older secondary phloem…

A

Does not accumulate

74
Q

Bark

A

all exterior tissues external to vascular cambium

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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