Chapter 36: Resource acquisition and transport in vascular plants Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of molecules are plant primary cell walls composed of?

A

Cellulose

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the central

vacuole?

A

Reservoir, waste dump, storage

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3
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells, enabling transport and communication between them

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4
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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5
Q

Apoplastic route

A

through cell walls and extracellular spaces

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6
Q

Symplastic route

A

through the cytosol

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7
Q

Transmembrane route

A

across cell walls

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8
Q

Apoplast

A

everything external to the plasma membrane (cell

walls, extracellular spaces, and the interior of vessel elements and tracheids)

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9
Q

Symplast

A

the cytosol of living cells as well as the plasmodesmata

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

passive movement across the cell membrane (e.g., oxygen)

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across the cell membrane

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12
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

uses transport proteins and is a primary way that glucose is moved across the cell membrane

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13
Q

Active transport

A

moves atoms, ions, or molecules into or out of the cell (endocytosis and exocytosis are examples)

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14
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

H+ ions and active transport drive solutes across the

cell membrane and against the concentration (e.g., transport of sucrose by phloem)

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15
Q

ATP-dependent proton pump moves solutes from…

A

Low to high concentrations

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16
Q

Water potential

A

combined effects of solute concentration and physical pressure upon water movement in plants

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17
Q

Turgor pressure

A

pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast

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18
Q

Protoplast

A

living part of the plant cell including the plasma membrane

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19
Q

What happens if you place a flaccid cell into a

sucrose solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell and the cell plasmolyzes aka loses water (thus, the water potential inside the cell is more negative)

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20
Q

What happens if you place a flaccid cell into pure

water?

A

Water moves into the cell and the cell becomes turgid (thus, the water potential inside the cell is 0)

21
Q

Selective passage is directed by the…

A

Endodermis

22
Q

Endodermis

A

innermost layer of the cortex that surrounds the vascular cylinder

23
Q

The _____ blocks movement of water and solutes in the vascular tissue through the apoplastic route.

A

casparian strip

24
Q

Transpiration

A

loss of water from stems and leaves to the surrounding air vapor by diffusion and evaporation

25
Transpirational pull
a force that works against the direction of gravity in plants
26
Spongy mesophyll
increases surface area for gas exchange but also increases the surface area for water loss (This layer is analogous to the alveoli in lungs)
27
Cohesion
linking together of like molecules due to hydrogen bonds
28
Adhesion
the clinging of water molecules to cellulose molecules by means of hydrogen bonds
29
Bulk flow
the process by which proteins with a sorting signal travel to and from different cellular compartments
30
How is bulk flow different from diffusion?
Faster Moves entire solution Occurs in hollow dead cells Driven by pressure potential not solute potential
31
Cavitation
Water conduction can be interrupted when air bubbles form in the tracheids or vessel elements
32
How do plants control water loss?
Guard cells
33
Which is narrower: tracheids or vessel elements?
Tracheids
34
Turgor pressure (opening and closing) is regulated by uptake and loss of _____ ions by the guard cells
Potassium
35
Light ____ K+
Increases
36
CO2 depletion _____ K+
Decreases
37
Circadian rhythm
24 hour cycle (internal clock)
38
Xerophyte
a plant that lives under arid conditions
39
Adaptations for Water Conservation
1. small, thick leaves 2. very thick, waxy cuticle 3. hairs (trichomes) on leaves or recessed stomata 4. drought deciduousness 5. CAM photosynthesis 6. Well-defended against herbivores (e.g., spines, toxic chemicals)
40
CAM photosynthesis
a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night
41
Phloem is transported from a ______ to | a _______.
sugar source, sugar sink
42
Sugar source
a plant organ that is a net producer of sugar by photosynthesis or by breakdown of starch
43
Sugar sink
a plant organ that is a net consumer or depository of sugar
44
Translocation
Phloem transports the products of photosynthesis
45
Conduit cells for translocation
sieve-tube elements
46
companion cells
located alongside sieve-tube elements but do not conduct phloem sap can aid in loading and unloading of sugars from sieve-tube elements
47
Xylem > transpiration >
Negative pressure
48
Phloem > translocation >
Positive pressure
49
What causes phloem to flow from the source to the sink?
Pressure flow