Chapter 49 Flashcards
Who was Aistulf?
Successor of Liutprand as king of the Lombards, but he was driven out of papal lands and killed.
Who was Pippin the Younger?
Son of Charles Martel and king of the Franks. Mayor of the palace in Neustria.
How did Pippin the Younger become king of Italy?
He was appointed king after Aistulf’s death and was later succeeded by Charlemagne.
What territories did Charlemagne rule?
He became ruler of the whole Frankish kingdom in 771 and king of Lombard Italy in 774.
Why was Charlemagne called “Charles the Great”?
What was the Donation of Constantine?
A letter granting the pope authority over Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, Jerusalem, and all churches, as well as rule over Rome’s possessions.
What was the cause of tension between Pope Gregory III and Liutprand in 738?
1) Pope Gregory III refused to return the duke of Spoleto to Liutprand.
2) The Lombard king began reclaiming parts of the new Papal State.
3) Gregory III was cut off from Constantinople.
4) Gregory III sought help from Charles Martel, promising him lasting fame.
What was the significance of Pope Gregory III’s appeal to Charles Martel for help?
- The pope could no longer ask the Byzantine emperor for aid.
- The pope needed to make alliances with whoever could protect him as the religious leader in Rome.
How did Pippin the Younger become the de facto ruler of Italy?
- Re-anointed by Pope Stephen II.
Marched into Italy to defend papal lands. - Defeated Aistulf and made him recognize Pippin as overlord.
- Chose Desiderius as the next king of Italy.
- Became the de facto king of Italy in addition to being the king of the Franks.
What made Charles head for Saxon territory in 772?
He wanted to enlarge his kingdom and the Saxons were divided into three factions.
Describe Charles’s conquest of the Lombards. What was his “crowning” achievement?
Charles crossed the Alps, pushed Desiderius back into Pavia, and forced his surrender. His crowning achievement was claiming the Iron Crown of the Lombards.
What happened when Charlemagne arrived at the city of
Zaragoza in Al-Andalus?
Charlemagne was supposed to be welcomed and told he could use the city as a base against the Umayyads, but the governor refused to let him in.
What was the Iron Crown, and what was its significance?
It was said to contain a nail from Christ’s cross, and Charlemagne claimed it in 774.
