Chapter 48

Question 1

Primary regulators of fluid and acid-base balance; right is slightly lower than left due to liver; 1,200 ml of blood passes through every minute; each contains approx. 1 million nephrons; produce 60ml of urine per hour (1,500ml daily)

Answer 1

The Kidneys

Question 2

The functionary units of the kidneys

Answer 2

The Nephrons

Question 3

A tuft of capillaries surrounded by the bowman capsule

Answer 3

Glomerulus

Question 4

Glucose and other solutes are absorbed in the _________

Answer 4

Loop of Henle

Question 5

Site of water and electrolyte reabsorption

Answer 5

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 6

Site of additional water and sodium reabsorption

Answer 6

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 7

In adults, the ureters range from ____ to ____ in length and about ______ in diameter

Answer 7

25 to 30cm; 1.25cm

Question 8

Backflow

Answer 8

Reflux

Question 9

Hollow, muscular organ which serves as a urine reservoir; normal capacity ranges from 300 to 600 ml

Answer 9

Urinary Bladder

Question 10

Smooth muscle layers of the bladder; allow bladder to expand and contract

Answer 10

Detrusor muscle

Question 11

Triangular area marked by ureter openings

Answer 11

Trigone

Question 12

Openings

Answer 12

Meatus

Question 13

The urethra is between ___ and ___ cm for women and _____ cm for men

Answer 13

3, 4; 20

Question 14

Stretch receptors are stimulated when there is ____ to _____ ml of urine present in adult bladders and _____ to _____ ml in children

Answer 14

250, 450; 50, 200

Question 15

Urine output increases to 250 to 500ml a day during first year; may urinate as often as 20 times daily; born without urinary control

Answer 15

Infants

Question 16

Take responsibility for independent toileting

Answer 16

Preschoolers

Question 17

Kidneys double in size between ages 5 and 10; urinates 6 to 10 times daily;

Answer 17

School-Age Children

Question 18

Involuntary passing of urine

Answer 18

Enuresis

Question 19

Involuntary passing of urine during sleep

Answer 19

Nocturnal Enuresis

Question 20

True or False Excretory function of the kidneys diminishes with age

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Complaints of urinary urgency and frequency are common;

Answer 21

Older adults

Question 22

Increase urine formation through the prevention of reabsorption of water and electrolytes

Answer 22

Diuretics

Question 23

Production of abnormally large amounts of urine by the kidneys

Answer 23

Polyuria (diuresis)

Question 24

Polyuria following excessive fluid intake

Answer 24

Polydipsia

Question 25

Low urine output; usually less than 500ml daily or 30ml/hr

Answer 25

Oliguria

Question 26

Lack of urine production

Answer 26

Anuria

Question 27

Technique by which fluid and molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane; two most common methods are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Answer 27

Dialysis

Question 28

Voiding at frequent intervals, more than four to six times daily

Answer 28

Urinary frequency

Question 29

Voiding two or more times nightly

Answer 29

Nocturia

Question 30

Sudden, strong desire to void

Answer 30

Urgency

Question 31

Voiding that is either painful or difficult

Answer 31

Dysuria

Question 32

A delay and difficulty in initiating voiding

Answer 32

Urinary hesitancy

Question 33

Involuntary leakage of urine or bladder control; symptom, not a disease; 13 million Americans suffer from it, 85% are women; common causes include: UTI’s, urethritis and pregnancy.

Answer 33

Urinary Incontinence

Question 34

Overdistended bladder caused by urine accumulation; causes poor contractility of detrusor muscle

Answer 34

Urinary retention

Question 35

Interference of normal mechanisms of urine elimination due to impaired neurologic function

Answer 35

Neurogenic bladder

Question 36

True or False Normal urine consist of 90% water 10% solutes

Answer 36

False, normal urine consist of 96% water and 4% solutes

Question 37

Urine remaining in the bladder after voiding; normally ranges from 50 to 100ml

Answer 37

Residual urine

Question 38

Urea is measured as ___________

Answer 38

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Question 39

The _______ _________ test uses 24 hr urine and serum creatinine levels to determine the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 39

Creatinine clearance

Question 40

A normal daily intake averaging ________ ml of measurable fluids is adequate for most adult clients

Answer 40

1,500

Question 41

Skin that is continually moist becomes _______

Answer 41

Macerated (softened)

Question 42

True or false Applying a condom catheter may not be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Method of applying manual pressure on the bladder to promote bladder emptying

Answer 43

Crede’s maneuver / method

Question 44

Clients with a retention catheter should drink up to______ ml per day, if permitted

Answer 44

3,000

Question 45

True or false Routine changing of the catheter and tubing is recommended

Answer 45

False

Question 46

Flushing or washing out

Answer 46

Irrigation

Question 47

A __________ catheter is inserted surgically throughout eh abdominal wall above the symphysis pubis into the bladder

Answer 47

Suprapubic

Question 48

When one or both of the ureters may be brought directly to the side of the abdomen to form small stomas

Answer 48

Ureterostomy

Question 49

A ___________ diverts urine from the kidneys to a stoma

Answer 49

Nephrostomy

Question 50

A ___________ may be formed when the bladder is left intact, but voiding through the urethra is not possible

Answer 50

Vesicostomy

Question 51

The most common urinary diversion is the ______ _______; this is when a segment of the ileum is removed and the intestinal ends are reattached

Answer 51

Ileal conduit