Chapter 47 Flashcards
Sum of all the interactions between an organism and the food it consumes
Nutrition
Organic and inorganic substances found in foods that are required for body functioning
Nutrients
The nutrient content of a specified amount of food
Nutritive value
Carbs, fats, protein, minerals, vitamins and water
Macronutrients
Vitamins and minerals required in small amounts
Micronutrients
Two basic types: simple (sugars) and complex (starches and fiber); Metabolism is a major source of body energy;
Carbohydrates
Biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
Large polymer of glucose
Glycogen
Made up of essential and non essential amino acids; may be complete or incomplete; metabolism includes anabolism (building tissue), catabolism (breaking down tissue) and nitrogen balance; most is digested in small intestine
Protein
Fats are solid are room temperature; oils are liquid at room temperature; insoluble in water; comprised of fatty acids; mainly digested in the small intestine
Lipids
Organic compound that cannot be manufactured by the body and is needed in small amounts to catalyze metabolic processes; A,D,E & K are fat soluble; B & C are water soluble
Vitamins
Unit of heat energy; equals 4.18 kilojoules
Calorie
All biochemical and physiological processes by which the body grows and maintains itself
Metabolism
Rate at which the body metabolizes food to maintain the energy requirements of a person who is awake
Basal Metabolic Rate
Amount of energy required to maintain basic bodily functions, 1 cal/kg/hr for men; .9 cal/kg/hr for women
Resting energy expenditure
Optimal weight recommended for optimal health
Ideal body weight
Indicator of change in body fat stores; determines height to weight ratio
Body Mass Index
Development; sex; ethnicity and culture; beliefs about food; personal preferences; religious practices; lifestyle; economics; Medications and therapy; health; alcohol consumption; advertising and psychological factors
Factors affecting nutrition
Widespread, but short lived interest or practice
Fad
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
Fluids and nutritional needs are met by breast milk; daily nutritional requirements are about 80 to 100ml of breast milk per kg of body weight; stomach capacity of 90 ml; feeding required every 2.5 to 4 hours; need iron supplementation at 6 months; regurgitation is normal; can be fed table food by age 1
Neonate to 1 year
Can eat most foods; adjust to three meals a day; less likely to have fluid imbalance; Needs about 1,250 ml of fluid per day; need 900 to 1800 calories daily, 33 lbs healthy weight
Toddler
Eats adult foods; requires at least 75ml of fluid per kg of weight; 45 lbs healthy weight
Preschooler
Need 2400 calories per day; requires about 1,750 ml of fluid daily; healthy weight of 66 lbs
School age child
Need of protein, calcium (1200 to 1500 mg/day), vitamins B & D and iron needs increased; tend to diet / snack frequently; problems w/ nutrition and self esteem
Adolescent
Uncontrollable compulsion to binge then induce vomiting
Bulimia
Graphic aide developed to guide daily food choices
Food pyramid
Lack of necessary or appropriate food substances
Malnutrition
A caloric intake in excess of daily energy requirements
Over nutrition
Intake of nutrients insufficient to meet daily energy requirements
Undernutrition
Procedure to determine fat stores
Skinfold measurement
Detailed record of measured amounts of all foods and fluids ingested during a specified period
Food Diary
Recall of all foods consumed during a typical 24 hour period
24 hour food recall
Checklist that indicates how often general food groups or specific foods were eaten
Food frequency record
comprehensive time consuming assessment of a clients food intake.
Diet history
Client is unable to ingest foods; upper gastrointestinal tract is impaired and the transport of food to the small intestine is interrupted.
Total Enteral Nutrition (TEN)
A _________ tube is inserted through one of the nostrils, down the nasopharynx, and into the alimentary tract; Used for feeding clients who have adequate gastric emptying, not advised for clients without intact gag and cough reflexes
Nasogastric
A __________ tube is inserted through one nostril down into the upper small intestine; used for clients are risk for aspirations
Nasoenteric
__________ and __________ devices are used for long term nutritional support of more than 6 weeks.
gastrostomy; jejunostomy
Type and frequency of enteral feedings and amounts are determined by primary care provider; can be given intermittently (300 to 500ml per feeding) or continually (administered over a 24hr period)
Enteral Feeding
Rare but potential fatal complication of tube feeding
Refeeding syndrome
Intravenous infusion of dextrose, water, fat, proteins, electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) / Parenteral Nutrition
