Chapter 43 Animal Development

Question 1

Adult Stem Cell

Answer 1

undifferentiated cells found throughout the body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues

Question 2

Aging

Answer 2

the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics

Question 3

Allantosis

Answer 3

Stores waste, in mammals it contributes to the blood vessels of the umbilical cord.

Question 4

Amnion

Answer 4

A sac surrounding the embryo, enclosing it in fluid

Question 5

Amniotic Egg

Answer 5

egg that contains an amniotic sac.

Question 6

Blastocyst

Answer 6

a structure formed in the early development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms the embryo.

Question 7

Blastopore

Answer 7

the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.

Question 8

Blastula

Answer 8

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

Question 9

Chorion

Answer 9

the outermost membrane surrounding an embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal. In mammals, it contributes to the formation of the placenta.

Question 10

Chorionic Villus

Answer 10

villi that sprout from the chorion to provide maximal contact area with maternal blood.

Question 11

Cleavage

Answer 11

cell division, especially of a fertilized egg cell.

Question 12

Colostrum

Answer 12

the first secretion from the mammary glands after giving birth, rich in antibodies.

Question 13

Differentiate

Answer 13

process by which a less specialized cell undergoes maturation to become more distinct in form and function

Question 14

Direct Development

Answer 14

the newborn is born structurally very similar to the adult

Question 15

Ectoderm

Answer 15

the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue.

Question 16

Embryonic Disk

Answer 16

floor of the amniotic cavity

Question 17

Embryonic Stem Cell

Answer 17

stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo

Question 18

Endoderm

Answer 18

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the lining of the gut and associated structures.

Question 19

Extraembryonic Membrane

Answer 19

the layers enclosing the embryo inside the uterus. There are four layers: the amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion

Question 20

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 20

a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy. causes brain damage and growth problems.

Question 21

Fetus

Answer 21

an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception.

Question 22

Gastrula

Answer 22

an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.

Question 23

Gastrulation

Answer 23

the process by which a gastrula forms from a blastula.

Question 24

Homeobox Gene

Answer 24

a large group of similar genes that direct the formation of many body structures during early embryonic development

Question 25

Implantation

Answer 25

the attachment of the fertilized egg or blastocyst to the wall of the uterus at the start of pregnancy, often delayed in some mammals by several months.

Question 26

Mammary Gland

Answer 26

the milk-producing gland of women or other female mammals.

Question 27

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell

Answer 27

cells that have been reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state that enables the development of an unlimited source of any type of human cell needed for therapeutic purposes.

Question 28

Induction

Answer 28

Cells during development are influenced by the forming structures around them.

Question 29

Inner Cell Mass

Answer 29

the mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus.

Question 30

Labor

Answer 30

the process of childbirth, especially the period from the start of uterine contractions to delivery.

Question 31

Lactation

Answer 31

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.