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Biology > Chapter 40 the senses > Flashcards

Chapter 40 the senses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anvil

A

(incus) a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

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2
Q

Aqueous humor

A

the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.

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3
Q

Auditory Canal

A

a pathway running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum

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4
Q

Auditory nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibers that carries hearing information between the cochlea the brain.

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5
Q

auditory tube

A

(Eustachian tube) a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear

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6
Q

basilar membrane

A

a membrane in the cochlea that bears the organ of Corti.

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7
Q

binocular vision

A

vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth.

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8
Q

blind spot

A

the point of entry of the optic nerve on the retina, insensitive to light

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9
Q

chemoreceptor

A

a sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli.

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10
Q

choroid

A

the pigmented vascular layer of the eyeball between the retina and the sclera.

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11
Q

cochlea

A

the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.

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12
Q

compound eye

A

an eye consisting of an array of numerous small visual units, as found in insects and crustaceans.

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13
Q

cone

A

a light-sensitive cell of one of the two types present in the retina of the eye, responding mainly to bright light and responsible for sharpness of vision and color perception.

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14
Q

cornea

A

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

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15
Q

farsighted

A

unable to see things clearly, especially if they are relatively close to the eyes, owing to the focusing of rays of light by the eye at a point behind the retina; hyperopic.

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16
Q

fovea

A

a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated

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17
Q

ganglion cell

A

the projection neurons of the vertebrate retina, conveying information from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain.

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18
Q

hair cell

A

the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates.

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19
Q

hammer

A

(Malleus) a small bone in the middle ear which transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus.

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20
Q

inner ear

A

the semicircular canals and cochlea, which form the organs of balance and hearing and are embedded in the temporal bone.

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21
Q

intensity

A

strength of the sensory stimulus

22
Q

lens

A

a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

23
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

a sense organ or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound.

24
Q

middle ear

A

the air-filled central cavity of the ear, behind the eardrum.

25
Q

nearsighted

A

unable to see things clearly unless they are relatively close to the eyes, owing to the focusing of rays of light by the eye at a point in front of the retina; myopic.

26
Q

Ommatidia

A

each of the optical units that make up a compound eye, as of an insect

27
Q

optic nerve

A

each of the second pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye.

28
Q

outer ear

A

the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum

29
Q

oval window

A

(fenestra ovalis) a small natural hole or opening, especially in a bone. The mammalian middle ear is linked by the fenestra ovalis to the vestibule of the inner ear

30
Q

pain receptor

A

(Nociceptor) a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending “possible threat” signals to the spinal cord and the brain.

31
Q

photopigment

A

a pigment whose chemical state depends on its degree of illumination, such as those in the retina of the eye.

32
Q

photoreceptor

A

a structure in a living organism, especially a sensory cell or sense organ, that responds to light falling on it.

33
Q

pinna

A

the external part of the ear in humans and other mammals; the auricle.

34
Q

pupil

A

the dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina.

35
Q

receptor

A

an organ or cell able to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve.

36
Q

receptor potential

A

the transmembrane potential difference produced by activation of a sensory receptor

37
Q

retina

A

a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

38
Q

rod

A

a light-sensitive cell of one of the two types present in large numbers in the retina of the eye, responsible mainly for monochrome vision in poor light.

39
Q

round window

A

(fenestra rotunda) The mammalian middle ear is linked by the fenestra rotunda to the cochlea.

40
Q

saccule

A

the smaller of the two fluid-filled sacs forming part of the labyrinth of the inner ear (the other being the utriculus). It contains a region of hair cells and otoliths which send signals to the brain concerning the orientation of the head.

41
Q

sclera

A

the white outer layer of the eyeball. At the front of the eye it is continuous with the cornea.

42
Q

semicircular canal

A

three fluid-filled bony channels in the inner ear. They are situated at right angles to each other and provide information about orientation to the brain to help maintain balance.

43
Q

sense organ

A

an organ of the body which responds to external stimuli by conveying impulses to the sensory nervous system.

44
Q

sensory receptor

A

a structure that reacts to a physical stimulus in the environment, whether internal or external

45
Q

stirrup

A

(stapes) a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear

46
Q

taste bud

A

any of the clusters of bulbous nerve endings on the tongue and in the lining of the mouth which provide the sense of taste.

47
Q

tectorial membrane

A

an extracellular connective tissue that covers the mechanically-sensitive hair bundles of the sensory receptor cells in the inner ear. It occupies a strategic position, playing a key role in transforming sound to mechanical stimulation

48
Q

thermoreceptor

A

A non-specialized sense receptor that reacts to nominal shifts in temperature.

49
Q

tympanic membrane

A

a membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. In humans and other higher vertebrates it forms the eardrum, between the outer and middle ear.

50
Q

utricle

A

the larger of the two fluid-filled cavities forming part of the labyrinth of the inner ear. It contains hair cells and otoliths which send signals to the brain concerning the orientation of the head.

51
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

it provides sensory information about motion, equilibrium, and spatial orientation. Includes the utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals.

52
Q

vitreous humor

A

the transparent gelatinous tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens.

Biology (11 decks)

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