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Biology > Chapter 38 The Endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 38 The Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys

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2
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Each Adrenal gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.

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3
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

controls hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline

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4
Q

Adrenocorticortropic Hormone

A

(ACTH)a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland and stimulating the adrenal cortex.

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5
Q

Aldosterone

A

a corticosteroid hormone which stimulates absorption of sodium by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balance.

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6
Q

Amino Acid derived Hormone

A

amino acid – derived hormones (ending in ‘-ine’) are derived from tyrosine and tryptophan and

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7
Q

Androgen

A

a male sex hormone, such as testosterone.

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8
Q

Angiotensin

A

a protein whose presence in the blood promotes aldosterone secretion and tends to raise blood pressure.

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior pituitary makes up the pituitary gland

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10
Q

Anitdiuretic Hormone

A

(ADH) hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood

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11
Q

Atrial Natruretic Hormone

A

(ANP) a cardiac hormone which gene and receptors are widely present in the body. Its main function is to lower blood pressure

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12
Q

Calcitonin

A

a hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium.

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13
Q

Cortisol

A

a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex and used medicinally to treat inflammation resulting from eczema and rheumatism.

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14
Q

Cyclic adensoine monophospate

A

(Cyclic AMP) a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms,

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15
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.

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16
Q

Endocrine Communication

A

chemical signaling via the release of hormones into the extracellular fluid. From there, hormones diffuse into the bloodstream and may travel to distant body regions, where they elicit a response in target cells

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17
Q

Endocrine Disrupter

A

chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormone) systems at certain doses. These disruptions can cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders

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18
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

glands that produce hormones. Pituitary, Adrenal, etc

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19
Q

Endocrine hormone

A

hormones secreted by endocrine glands to help maintain homeostasis

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20
Q

Endocrine system

A

is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood

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21
Q

epinephrine

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion.

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22
Q

erythropoietin

A

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues.

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23
Q

estrogen

A

any of a group of steroid hormones which promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body

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24
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

(FSH) one of the hormones essential to pubertal development and the function of women’s ovaries and men’s testes. In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation

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25
Q

Glucagon

A

a hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

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26
Q

gluccocorticoid

A

a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell.

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27
Q

goiter

A

a swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland

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28
Q

growth Hormone

A

(GH) a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals

29
Q

hormone

A

a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.

30
Q

hypothalamus

A

a region of the forebrain below the thalamus which coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

31
Q

inhibiting hormone

A

The hypothalamus produces several hormones that inhibit the release of hormones by the anterior lobe of the pituitary

32
Q

insulin

A

a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.

33
Q

islet cell

A

The pancreas contains clusters of cells that produce hormones, known as islet cells

34
Q

leptin

A

a protein produced by fat cells that is a hormone acting mainly in the regulation of appetite and fat storage.

35
Q

local hormone

A

Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules that do not circulate within the blood. Local hormones are produced by nerve and gland cells and bind to either neighboring cells or the same type of cell that produced them

36
Q

Lutenizing Hormone Female

A

(LH) a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. I

37
Q

Melatonin

A

a hormone secreted by the pineal gland which inhibits melanin formation and is thought to be concerned with regulating the reproductive cycle.

38
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

a corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body.

39
Q

negative feedback

A

the diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action.

40
Q

neurosecretory cell

A

neurohormones are secreted by them in the brain, and distributed through the blood.

41
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

42
Q

norephinephrine

A

a naturally occurring chemical in the body that acts as both a stress hormone and neurotransmitter (a substance that sends signals between nerve cells). It’s released into the blood as a stress hormone when the brain perceives that a stressful event has occurred

43
Q

ovary

A

a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair.

44
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.

45
Q

pancreas

A

a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.

46
Q

paracrine communication

A

a form of cell signaling or cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior of those cells

47
Q

parathyroid gland

A

The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands, located in the neck, that control the body’s calcium levels

48
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

(PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine.

49
Q

peptide hormone

A

are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively. The latter have longer amino acid chain lengths than the former.

50
Q

pineal gland

A

a small, pea-shaped gland in the brain. Its function isn’t fully understood. Researchers do know that it produces and regulates some hormones, including melatonin

51
Q

pituitary gland

A

part of the endocrine system. Its main function is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones can affect other organs and glands, especially the thyroid

52
Q

positive feedback

A

the enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it

53
Q

posterior pituitary

A

The back portion of the pituitary, a small gland in the head called the master gland. The posterior pituitary secretes the hormone oxytocin which increases uterine contractions and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which increases reabsorption of water by the tubules of the kidney.

54
Q

progesterone

A

a steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.

55
Q

prolactin

A

(PRL) a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production after childbirth

56
Q

Prostaglandin

A

any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions. They are cyclic fatty acids.

57
Q

receptor

A

a region of tissue, or a molecule in a cell membrane, which responds specifically to a particular neurotransmitter, hormone, antigen, or other substance.

58
Q

releasing hormone

A

are hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones

59
Q

second messenger

A

are small intracellular molecules that mediate the effects of first messengers, i.e., neurotransmitters and hormones.

60
Q

steroid hormone

A

are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble molecules. Examples of steroid hormones include the sex hormones

61
Q

synaptic communication

A

is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron, and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (neurotransmission)

62
Q

target cell

A

cells with receptors that bind a messenger and respond to it

63
Q

testis

A

an organ which produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells).

64
Q

testosterone

A

a steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

65
Q

thymosin

A

Thymosin stimulates the development of precursor T cells in the thymus to mature T cells.

66
Q

thymus

A

a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system. The human thymus becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty.

67
Q

thyroid gland

A

a large ductless gland in the neck which secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism

68
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

(TSH)a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine, and then triiodothyronine which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body

69
Q

Thyroxine

A

the main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, acting to increase metabolic rate and so regulating growth and development.

Biology (11 decks)

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