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Biology > Chapter 42 Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

A

(AIDS) a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy.

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2
Q

Acrosome

A

an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the head in the spermatozoa (sperm cells) of many animals including humans. It is a cap-like structure derived from the Golgi apparatus

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3
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes

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4
Q

budding

A

a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.

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5
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

(Cowper’s Gland) either of two pea-shaped glands in the male, located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis; they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation

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6
Q

cervix

A

the narrow passage forming the lower end of the uterus.

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7
Q

chlamydia

A

a very small parasitic bacterium which, like a virus, requires the biochemical mechanisms of another cell in order to reproduce. Bacteria of this type cause various diseases including trachoma, psittacosis, and nonspecific urethritis.

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8
Q

chorionic gonadotropin

A

(CG) Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation

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9
Q

Clitoris

A

a small, sensitive, erectile part of the female genitals at the anterior end of the vulva.

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10
Q

contraception

A

the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.

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11
Q

copulation

A

sexual intercourse.

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12
Q

corona radiata

A

follicle cells forming a barrier between sperm and ovum

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13
Q

corpus luteum

A

a mass of cells that forms in an ovary and is responsible for the production of the hormone progesterone during early pregnancy

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14
Q

egg

A

the female reproductive cell in animals and plants; an ovum.

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15
Q

embryo

A

an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development, in particular a human offspring during the period from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilization (after which it is usually termed a fetus).

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16
Q

endometrium

A

the mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo.

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17
Q

epididymis

A

a highly convoluted duct behind the testis, along which sperm passes to the vas deferens.

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18
Q

estrogen

A

any of a group of steroid hormones which promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body. Such hormones are also produced artificially for use in oral contraceptives or to treat menopausal and menstrual disorders.

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19
Q

external fertilization

A

a mode of reproduction in which a male organism’s sperm fertilizes a female organism’s egg outside of the female’s body

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20
Q

fertilization

A

the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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21
Q

follicle

A

oocyte surrounded by accessory cells

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22
Q

follicle stimulating Hormone

A

(FSH) one of the hormones essential to pubertal development and the function of women’s ovaries and men’s testes. In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation

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23
Q

fragmentation

A

some organisms can split parts of themselves off in specific places to reproduce.

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24
Q

genital herpes

A

a disease characterized by blisters in the genital area, caused by a variety of the herpes simplex virus.

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25
Q

gonad

A

an organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary.

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26
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

(GnRH) a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary

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27
Q

Gonorrhea

A

a venereal disease involving inflammatory discharge from the urethra or vagina.

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28
Q

hermaphrodite

A

an organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes normally associated with both male and female sexes

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29
Q

human papillomavirus

A

(HPV) a viral infection that’s passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect your genitals, mouth, or throat.

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30
Q

internal fertilization

A

the union of an egg cell with a sperm during sexual reproduction inside the female body.

31
Q

interstitial cell

A

any cell that lies in the spaces between the functional cells of a tissue.

32
Q

labia

A

the inner and outer folds of the vulva, at either side of the vagina.

33
Q

luteinizing Hormone

A

(LH) a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

34
Q

menstrual cycle

A

the process of ovulation and menstruation in women and other female primates.

35
Q

menstruation

A

the process in a woman of discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus at intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until menopause, except during pregnancy

36
Q

myometrium

A

the smooth muscle tissue of the uterus.

37
Q

oogenisis

A

the production or development of an ovum.

38
Q

oogonium

A

an immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis.

39
Q

ovary

A

a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other vertebrates as a pair.

40
Q

ovulation

A

discharge of ova or ovules from the ovary.

41
Q

parthenogenesis

A

reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, especially as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants.

42
Q

penis

A

the male genital organ of higher vertebrates, carrying the duct for the transfer of sperm during copulation. In humans and most other mammals, it consists largely of erectile tissue and serves also for the elimination of urine.

43
Q

placenta

A

a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

44
Q

polar body

A

each of the small cells which bud off from an oocyte at the two meiotic divisions and do not develop into ova.

45
Q

primary oocyte

A

oogonia become primary oocyte during oogenesis

46
Q

Primary spermatocyte

A

a male germ cell (primary spermatocyte) that gives rise by meiosis to a pair of haploid cells (secondary spermatocytes) that give rise in turn to spermatids.

47
Q

progesterone

A

a steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.

48
Q

prostrate Gland

A

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm

49
Q

puberty

A

the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.

50
Q

pubic lice

A

The crab louse or pubic louse is an insect that is an obligate ectoparasite of humans, feeding exclusively on blood. The crab louse usually is found in the person’s pubic hair

51
Q

regeneration

A

the action or process of regenerating or being regenerated, in particular the formation of new animal or plant tissue.

52
Q

scrotum

A

a pouch of skin containing the testicles.

53
Q

secondary oocyte

A

The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to produce a secondary. oocyte and a polar body

54
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

a primary spermatocyte that divides in the second meiotic division to give rise to two haploid spermatids.

55
Q

semen

A

the male reproductive fluid, containing spermatozoa in suspension

56
Q

seminal vesicle

A

each of a pair of glands which open into the vas deferens near to its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen.

57
Q

seminiferous tubule

A

are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of male gametes, namely spermatozoa.

58
Q

sertoli cell

A

a type of somatic cell around which spermatids develop in the tubules of the testis.

59
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female).

60
Q

sexually transmitted disease

A

(STD) a disease that is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact.

61
Q

spawning

A

laying eggs to be fertilized at a later date.

62
Q

sperm

A

the mature motile male sex cell of an animal, by which the ovum is fertilized, typically having a compact head and one or more long flagella for swimming.

63
Q

spermatid

A

an immature male sex cell formed from a spermatocyte that can develop into a spermatozoon without further division.

64
Q

spermatogenisis

A

the production or development of mature spermatozoa.

65
Q

spermatogonium

A

a cell produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed in the wall of a seminiferous tubule and giving rise by mitosis to spermatocytes.

66
Q

sterilization

A

surgery to make a person or animal unable to produce offspring.

67
Q

syphilis

A

a chronic bacterial disease that is contracted chiefly by infection during sexual intercourse, but also congenitally by infection of a developing fetus.

68
Q

testis

A

an organ which produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells).

69
Q

testosterone

A

a steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex.

70
Q

trichomoniasis

A

an infection caused by parasitic trichomonads, chiefly affecting the urinary tract, vagina, or digestive system.

71
Q

uterine tube

A

also known as oviducts or fallopian tubes, are the female structures that transport the ova from the ovary to the uterus each month.

72
Q

vas deferens

A

part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation

73
Q

zona pellucida

A

the thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation.

Biology (11 decks)

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