Chapter 42: Neural Regulation Flashcards
- increased # and concentration of neurons
- specialization of function
- increased # of association neurons (interneurons and synaptic contacts
- cephalization (formation of a head)
Evolution of nervous system
anterior =
posterior =
dorsal =
ventral =
left lateral = (left axis)
right lateral = (right axis)
proximal =
distal =
(proximodistal axis)
head
tail
back
front
side
side
near
far
no symmetry
assymetrical
multiple symmetry
radial
down the middle symmetry
bilateral
__ only have nerve nets
hydras (Cnidarian)
__ have radial symmetry (nerve ring)
starfish (Echinoderm)
__ have bilateral symmetry
flatworm (Platyhelminthes)/earthworm (annelid)
__ and __ have a brain and one nerve cord (BNS)
arthropods and mollusks (insect/frog)
how many divisions of vertebrate nervous system
2 (cns and pns)
brain, spinal cord, interneurons under what system
cns (central nervous system)
nerves and ganglia under what nervous system
pns (peripheral nervous system)
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brain stem (including medulla and pons)
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
5 major regions of the brain
- gray matter (…)
- receive sensory info/control voluntary movement/cognitive thought process - white matter (…)
the cerebrum (link sensory and motor areas)
1. unmyelinated axons (no cover)(dendrites/ganglia)
2. myelinated axons (covered) (protects gray matter)(axon/axon terminal)
- bigger in animals requiring fine muscle control
- reflex center for muscular contraction/refinement of movement
- coordinates muscle activity/regulates muscle tone, posture, equilibrium)
(fine motor skills = coordination)
the cerebellum (motor control)
- main sensory relay center for conducting info between spinal cord and cerebrum
the thalamus (relay info from spinal cord and sorting/interpret incoming sensory info)
- contains centers for control of body temp/appetite/fat metabolism/certain emotions
the hypothalamus (hormones, emotional responses, appetite)
- control center for negative processes (heartbeat, blood pressure, etc… things you don’t think about)
the brainstem (medulla/pons)
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
protection of brain/spinal cord (protected by bone and meninges (connective tissue))
- receives and send nerve impulses to the brain for processing /integration
- controls reflex actions !!!!!!
- distributes outgoing signals from the brain to peripheral nerves
the spinal cord (info from brain –> to peripheral nerves
voluntary & responds to changes in external environment
- afferent (toward cns) (from external receptors)(eyes/skin–>brain)\
- efferent (from brain to skeletal muscle nervous) (brain–>muscles)`
somatic division (somatic=body)
involuntary & regulates internal activities of the body
- afferent (from internal receptors)(stomach/bladder)
- efferent (to smooth & cardiac muscles {internal organs})
autonomic division (automatic processes)
_ divisions of the peripheral autonomic efferent nervous system
two
__ repsond to stress (fight/flight)
- increase response (faster heart rate)(running/excersing)
synmpathetic nevres
__ restores to normal function
- decrease response (slower heart rate)
parasympathetic nerves
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
afferent/efferent (somatic)
afferent/efferent (autonomic)
efferent: sympathetic (increase adrenaline)/parasympathetic (decrease acetylocholine)
peripheral nervous system
sensory=afferent -> neuron travel from receptor ->CNS
motor=efferent -> neuron travel from CNS -> effector (repsonse) tissue
interneuron = association neuron -> both eff/aff transmission abilities
synapse = point of info transfer between 2 neurons
nervous pathway terms
withdrawl effect (RTITA)
- occurs when response to stimulus is needed quickly
- spine & interneurons take care of this !!!!!
-
!!! reflex arc !!!
- afferent - conduct impulse toward a CNS
(has sensory neurons, receptors and dorsal root ganglia which have the cell bodies of sensory neurons - interneurons - pick up impulses from sensory neurons and integrate such signals
- efferent - transmit impulses away from the CNS to the effectors (muscles/glands)
(dendrites & cell bodies of motor neurons located within the CNS)
reflex arc
- receptor signals sensory neuron (Reception)
- sensory neuron transmit signals to CNS (Transmission)
- interneurons integrates info (Integration)
- appropriate motor neurons transmits impulses to muscles (Transmission)
- muscles contracts moving hand away from flame (Action by effector)
RTITA (response, transmission, integration, transmission, action)
