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Bio II > Chapter 42: Neural Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 42: Neural Regulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. increased # and concentration of neurons
  2. specialization of function
  3. increased # of association neurons (interneurons and synaptic contacts
  4. cephalization (formation of a head)
A

Evolution of nervous system

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2
Q

anterior =
posterior =
dorsal =
ventral =
left lateral = (left axis)
right lateral = (right axis)
proximal =
distal =
(proximodistal axis)

A

head
tail
back
front
side
side
near
far

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3
Q

no symmetry

A

assymetrical

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4
Q

multiple symmetry

A

radial

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5
Q

down the middle symmetry

A

bilateral

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6
Q

__ only have nerve nets

A

hydras (Cnidarian)

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7
Q

__ have radial symmetry (nerve ring)

A

starfish (Echinoderm)

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8
Q

__ have bilateral symmetry

A

flatworm (Platyhelminthes)/earthworm (annelid)

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9
Q

__ and __ have a brain and one nerve cord (BNS)

A

arthropods and mollusks (insect/frog)

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10
Q

how many divisions of vertebrate nervous system

A

2 (cns and pns)

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11
Q

brain, spinal cord, interneurons under what system

A

cns (central nervous system)

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12
Q

nerves and ganglia under what nervous system

A

pns (peripheral nervous system)

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13
Q
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brain stem (including medulla and pons)
  4. thalamus
  5. hypothalamus
A

5 major regions of the brain

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14
Q
  1. gray matter (…)
    - receive sensory info/control voluntary movement/cognitive thought process
  2. white matter (…)
A

the cerebrum (link sensory and motor areas)
1. unmyelinated axons (no cover)(dendrites/ganglia)
2. myelinated axons (covered) (protects gray matter)(axon/axon terminal)

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15
Q
  • bigger in animals requiring fine muscle control
  • reflex center for muscular contraction/refinement of movement
  • coordinates muscle activity/regulates muscle tone, posture, equilibrium)
    (fine motor skills = coordination)
A

the cerebellum (motor control)

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16
Q
  • main sensory relay center for conducting info between spinal cord and cerebrum
A

the thalamus (relay info from spinal cord and sorting/interpret incoming sensory info)

17
Q
  • contains centers for control of body temp/appetite/fat metabolism/certain emotions
A

the hypothalamus (hormones, emotional responses, appetite)

18
Q
  • control center for negative processes (heartbeat, blood pressure, etc… things you don’t think about)
A

the brainstem (medulla/pons)

19
Q
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
A

protection of brain/spinal cord (protected by bone and meninges (connective tissue))

20
Q
  • receives and send nerve impulses to the brain for processing /integration
  • controls reflex actions !!!!!!
  • distributes outgoing signals from the brain to peripheral nerves
A

the spinal cord (info from brain –> to peripheral nerves

21
Q

voluntary & responds to changes in external environment
- afferent (toward cns) (from external receptors)(eyes/skin–>brain)\
- efferent (from brain to skeletal muscle nervous) (brain–>muscles)`

A

somatic division (somatic=body)

22
Q

involuntary & regulates internal activities of the body
- afferent (from internal receptors)(stomach/bladder)
- efferent (to smooth & cardiac muscles {internal organs})

A

autonomic division (automatic processes)

23
Q

_ divisions of the peripheral autonomic efferent nervous system

A

two

24
Q

__ repsond to stress (fight/flight)
- increase response (faster heart rate)(running/excersing)

A

synmpathetic nevres

25
Q

__ restores to normal function
- decrease response (slower heart rate)

A

parasympathetic nerves

26
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

27
Q

afferent/efferent (somatic)
afferent/efferent (autonomic)
efferent: sympathetic (increase adrenaline)/parasympathetic (decrease acetylocholine)

A

peripheral nervous system

28
Q

sensory=afferent -> neuron travel from receptor ->CNS

motor=efferent -> neuron travel from CNS -> effector (repsonse) tissue

interneuron = association neuron -> both eff/aff transmission abilities

synapse = point of info transfer between 2 neurons

A

nervous pathway terms

29
Q

withdrawl effect (RTITA)
- occurs when response to stimulus is needed quickly
- spine & interneurons take care of this !!!!!
-

A

!!! reflex arc !!!

30
Q
  1. afferent - conduct impulse toward a CNS
    (has sensory neurons, receptors and dorsal root ganglia which have the cell bodies of sensory neurons
  2. interneurons - pick up impulses from sensory neurons and integrate such signals
  3. efferent - transmit impulses away from the CNS to the effectors (muscles/glands)
    (dendrites & cell bodies of motor neurons located within the CNS)
A

reflex arc

31
Q
  1. receptor signals sensory neuron (Reception)
  2. sensory neuron transmit signals to CNS (Transmission)
  3. interneurons integrates info (Integration)
  4. appropriate motor neurons transmits impulses to muscles (Transmission)
  5. muscles contracts moving hand away from flame (Action by effector)
A

RTITA (response, transmission, integration, transmission, action)

Bio II (10 decks)

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