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Bio II > Ch. 41: Neural Signaling > Flashcards

Ch. 41: Neural Signaling Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a change in an organisms environment

A

stimulus

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2
Q

hormones that are regulated and produced to trigger chemical rxn

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

neurons send electrical signals to target cells to trigger rxns

A

nervous system

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4
Q

reception..transmission..integration..action

A

RTIA (response to a stimulus)

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5
Q

the process of detecing a simulus

A

reception

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6
Q

sending messages to a neuron

A

transmission

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7
Q

sorting and interpreting incomig sensory info and determining the appropriate response

A

integration

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8
Q

the physical/physiological response that an effector carries

A

action

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9
Q

specialized cells in the nervous system
- receive stimuli
- produce & transmit electrical signals (action potentials)
- have 3 main parts:
-cell body, axon, dendrites

A

neurons

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10
Q

contains nucleus, organelles, and bulk of cytoplasm

A

cell body

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11
Q

long extension from the neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

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12
Q

short, highly branched processes specialized to receive stimuli

A

dendrites

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13
Q

“nerve glue” cells

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

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14
Q

phagocytic cells that remove debris and waste

A

microglia

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15
Q

star-shaped cells that support neurons physically/metabolically

A

astrocytes

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16
Q

line fluid-filled spaces in the brain & spinal cord & produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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17
Q

form a myelin sheath around the axon which insulates axons and speeds up the rate of impulse transmission

A

oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

similar to oli but form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

19
Q

group of cell bodies

A

ganglion

20
Q

used to transmit info along axons
- inside is negatively charged (-70mv) (ions can’t cross membranes)

A

neural signals

21
Q

the plasma membrane of a __ doesn’t get an impulse and is polarized

A

resting neuron (the neural signals category)

22
Q

the voltage of a resting neuron is

A

negative (-70mv)

23
Q
  • selective permeable (no ions)
  • sodium-potassium pumps (sodium channels open is first = depolarization; potassium channels open is second = repolarization)
  • passive ion channels
  • large intracellular anions (can’t cross plasma membrane/contribute negative charge)
A

how does a neuron maintain a negative resting potential

24
Q

opening of Na channels/make less negative

A

depolarization

25
Q

making more negative back to resting potential

A

repolarization

26
Q

below resting potential

A

hyperpolarization

27
Q

action potential (ALL OR NONE)

A

-55mv

28
Q

resting potential

A

-70mv

29
Q

small period of time where neuron can’t respond

A

refractory period

30
Q

voltage reaches threshold, voltagte gated Na channels open, Na goes into cell and K channel opens slowly in response

A

depolarization to repolarization

31
Q
  1. resting potential
  2. threshold
  3. depolarization phase
  4. repolarization phase
  5. undershoot
A

action potential cycle

32
Q

wave of action potential along an axon

A

impulse

33
Q
  1. contiguous conduction
    - smooth/in unmyelinated neurons
  2. saltatory conduction
    - depolarization jumps
A

neural impulse transmission

34
Q

space between neurons
1. chemical __
- have a synaptic cleft
- involve the release of
neurotransmitters

A

synapse

35
Q

__ terminal release neurotransmitters

A

synaptic

36
Q

chemical that transmit signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector

A

neurotransmitters

37
Q
  1. nerve impulse (action potential) reaches axon terminal and calcium channels open and Ca flow into the cell from the outside
  2. Ca ions stimulate fusion os synaptic vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane which release a neuro transmitter into the synaptic cleft
  3. the neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors int he post-syn membrane
  4. this initiates the opening of sodium or potassium channels n the dendrites of post-synaptic neuron which changes the membranes potential (depolar/hyperpolar
  5. the neurotransmitter chemical is broken down by an enzyme which release sit from the binding sites and the new cycle begins (ex: acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase) (ase=enzyme)
  6. Ca is returned to the outside of the presyn membrane by a calcium pump
A

steps in synaptic transmission

38
Q

point at which a muscle and neuron meet (neuromuscular junction)

A

motor end plate (sending messages to effectors)

39
Q
  1. acetylcholine: excititory in skeletal muscle , inhibitory in cardia muscles (most important)
  2. norepinephrine, 3. dopamine, 4. seratonin, 5. endorphins
A

neurotransmitters

40
Q

depolarization (less negative) by opening of Na channel that lead to Na influx (increase) (never reach threshold)

A

EPSP

41
Q

hypolarization (more negative) by opening of K channels that lead to K efflux (decrease)

A

IPSP

42
Q

allow CNS (central nervous system) to integrate incoming info from various sources (brain, spinal cord, etc…)

A

neural circuits

43
Q

opposite of neural circuits

A

neural circuits divergence

Bio II (10 decks)

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