Chapter 4 Vocab Words Flashcards

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0
Q

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.

A

Cell Wall

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1
Q

The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.

A

Cell Theory

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2
Q

The chemical activities of cells.

A

Cellular Metabolism

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3
Q

A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.

A

Central Vacuole

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4
Q

A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 and 0 pattern. An animals usually has a centrosome with a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.

A

Centriole

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5
Q

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules ( sugars ) from carbon dioxide and water.

A

Chloroplast

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6
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chromosomes; often used to refer to the diffuse, very extended from taken by chromosomes when a cell is not dividing.

A

Chromatin

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7
Q

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also, the main gene-carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. Chromosomes consist of chromatin, a combination of DNA and protein.

A

Chromosome

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8
Q

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion in which is embedded the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

A

Crista

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9
Q

Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

A

Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

An instrument that focuses an electron beam through, or onto the surface of, a specimen. An electron microscope achieves a hundredfold greater resolution than a light microscope.

A

Electron Microscope (EM)

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12
Q

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by transfer of membranous vesicles.

A

Endomembrane System

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13
Q

An extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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14
Q

A process by which the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells probably evolved from symbiotic associations between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger cells.

A

Endosymbiosis

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15
Q

A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

16
Q

A substance in which the cells of an animal tissue are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides.

A

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

17
Q

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. Like cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules covered by the cells plasma membrane.

A

Flagellum

18
Q

A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptides linked to short chains of sugars.

A

Glycoprotein

19
Q

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Golgi Apparatus

20
Q

A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. Grana are the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A

Granum

21
Q

An intermediate sized protein fiber that is one of the 3 main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments are rope-like, made of fibrous proteins.

A

Intermediate Filament