Chapter 10 Part. 2 Flashcards
An infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins into more ____. They cause several related diseases in different animals, including scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease.
Prion
A polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together.
Polynucleotide
A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located at the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins.
Promoter
Phage DNA that has inserted by genetic recombination into the DNA of a prokaryotic chromosome.
Prophage
A bacterial plasmid that carries genes for enzymes that destroy particular antibiotics, thus making the bacterium resistant to the antibiotics.
R-plasmid
The way in which a cell’s mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons.
Reading Frame
An RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. It reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome, and then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA. HIV and a number of cancer-causing viruses are retroviruses.
Retrovirus
An enzyme used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template.
Reverse Transcriptase
The type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA in most cells.
Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA )
An enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template
RNA Polymerase
The removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence; occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus.
RNA Splicing
Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
Semiconservative Model
On mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information.
Start Codon
In mRNA, one of three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop.
Stop Codon
The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached.
Sugar-Phosphate Backbone