Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards
Study of tissues
Histology
Groups of cells that work together
Tissues
4 types of tissues:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural
What covers the surface inside and out
Epithelial
Secrete waste products and hormones
Glandular
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
Cellularity (tightly packed cells)
Attachment
Avascular
Regenerative
Functions of epithelial tissue:
Protects from impact of friction
Controls what enters and leaves
Provides sensation
Creates secreations
2 regions of epithelial cell:
Basolateral-bottom, deep-connects to underling tissues
Apical-surface
Part that is exposed to surface
Apical
Structures of epithelia:
Microvilli-increased surface area for absorption
Stereocilia-
Ciliated epithilium-
What are the shapes of the epithelia?
Squamous-flat
Cuboidal-square
Columnar-rectangular
What are the layers in the epithelia?
Simple-secretes and absorbs
Stratified-many layers
Simple squamous-
Stratified squamous-
Secretes and absorbs (ex:lung)
Multiple layers of flat cells (Ex:skin)
- Single layer of square cells (glands,ducts); limited protections, sensation, absorption
- Protection, many layers (ex:lining of ducts)
- change in thickness due to stretching (ex:urinary bladder)
Simple cuboidal-
Stratified cuboidal-
Transitional cuboidal
- single layer of rectangular cells secretes and absorbs (ex:lining of small intestines)
- single layer but looks layered, many different cells mixed together (ex:trachea)
- protections, multiple layers of abrasion (ex:salivary gland, ducts)
Simple columnar
Pseudostatified
Stratified columnar
- Secretes Hormones to the inside of the body, no glandular ducts.
- regulate and coordinate body activities.
- example:pancreas, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrinal glands
Endocrine
Hormones
Release material to the outside of the body; have ducts.
-ex:sweat gland, oil glands, tear ducts
Exocrine
Modes of secretions:
- no cell damage, release sac/vesicles of material
- release materials with some cytoplasm; cell survives
- cell explodes/destroyed when released (ex:hair and skin)
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Types of secretion:
- usually enzymes;water secretion
- thick lubricator
- watery with lubricator as a combination
Serous
Mucous
Mixed
What are the 3 parts all connective tissues have?
1) specialized cell
2) fiber
3) ground substance
Functions of connective tissue:
Framework-bones Transports-blood Protects-cartilage, bone, fat Supports other tissues Stores energy Defines against infection
Has a thick ground substance; many different types of cells and fibers
Example:fats, tendons, ligaments
Connective tissue proper
Connective tissue proper can be:
A) fibers create loose, open framework (fat)
B) fibers densely packed
Loose
Dense
Watery matrix, specific cells;protects and supports;
- _____~contained in circulatory system
- ____~contained in the lymphatic system
Fluid connective tissue
Blood
Lymph
Support and densely packed fibers
- ____~solid, rubbery matrix
- ____~solid, crystalline matrix
Supporting connective tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Deep, connects to underlining tissues
Basolateral
What are the structures of epithelial cell?
Microvilli
Stereocilia
Ciliatated epithilium
Small, increased surface area for absorption
Microvilli
Large, picks up vibration in ears
Stereocilia
Medium, (cilia), moved stuff on surface of cell
Ciliated epithilium
Multiple layers of flat cells, example: skin
Stratified squamous
3 parts to connective tissue
Cell
Fiber
Grand substance
make the ground substances, most abundant
Fibroblasts
destroys damaged cells, or pathogens
- shows up early
- signals immune system
Macrophages
fat cells cushion and insulate
Adipocytes
stem cells, producing new tissue
Mesenchymal
causes swelling, release hystomenes and hephran
Mast cells
form plasma cells. Defend against disease
Lymphocytes
makes antibodies
Plasma cells
small eater eats away scar tissue, thick straight, strong. Give strength (collagen)
Microphages
Connective tissue fibers:
- gives strength
- net like thin, holds structures together
- thin fibers that branch (split), stretch, bounce back, very flexible
Collagen
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers