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Anat/Phys > Chapter 3-Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Cells Flashcards

0
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. ) cells make up living things
  2. ) cells only come from other cells
  3. ) cells carry out life functions
  4. ) homeostasis occurs in cells
  5. ) tissue, organ, system homeostasis occurs because of cell activity
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1
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cells

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2
Q

Who created the cell theory?

A

Rudolph Virchow

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3
Q

Study of cells

A

Cytology

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4
Q

Sperm and egg

A

Sex cells

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5
Q

All other cells (bone, muscle, nerve)

A

Somatic cells

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6
Q

Salt water fluid found outside the cell membrane

A

Extra cellular fluid

Interstitial fluid

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7
Q

Name for both the fluid and the organelles location Inside the cell membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Fluid only

A

Cytosol

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9
Q

Cell parts

A

Organelles

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10
Q

Functions of the cell membrane:

A
  1. ) separates one cell from another
  2. ) regulations-determines what goes in & out of the cell
  3. ) sensitivity
  4. ) gives support
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11
Q

What is the Cell membrane is made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer-42%
Proteins-55%
Carbs-3%

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12
Q

Protein type that stabilizes the cell

A

Anchoring

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13
Q

Protein type that contains the immune system-identifies foreign substances

A

Recognition

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14
Q

Protein type that breaks down stuff

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

Protein type that is sensitive to certain Materials

A

Receptors

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16
Q

Protein type that used energy to move materials into the cell

A

Carrier

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17
Q

Protein type that don’t need energy (ATP) to move material through

A

Channel

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18
Q

Always open (allow material)

A

Channel leak

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19
Q

Be open or closed as needed

A

Channel gated

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20
Q

Carbohydrates functions

A
  1. ) lubricates for protection
  2. ) anchor
  3. ) binding sight for materials
  4. ) recognition with immune system
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21
Q

Determines what goes in and what comes out

A

Selectively permeable

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22
Q

No ATP required

A

Passive transport

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23
Q

ATP is used

A

Active transport

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24
Q

Process of making equal concentrations

A

Equilibrium

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25
Q

Movement of solids or gases from high to low concentrations (passive transport)

A

Diffusion

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26
Q

Factors that affect rate of diffusion

A
  1. ) distance
  2. ) gradient size
  3. ) molecule size
  4. ) temperature
  5. ) electrical force
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27
Q

Difference between concentrations inside and outside of a cell

A

Concentration gradient

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28
Q

Movement of water from high to low concentrations (passive transport)

A

Osmosis

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29
Q

has high OP

A

Turgid

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30
Q

Low OP

A

Flacid

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31
Q

Solution types

A

Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic

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32
Q

Low salt, high water •cell swell- hemolysis

A

Hypotonic

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33
Q

High salt, low water •cells shrink-crenation

A

Hypertonic

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34
Q

Equal salt and water •no change

A

Isotonic

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35
Q

Osmotic pressure forces certain Materials through the cell membrane (ex-kidney)

A

Filtration

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36
Q

Proteins bind to certain substances to carry them through membranes

A

Carrier materials

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37
Q

No energy needed (passive) (channel proteins)

A

Facilitated diffusion

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38
Q

Energy is used to move materials against the concentration gradient

A

Active transport

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39
Q

Sacs of material going in

A

Endocytosis

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40
Q

Water/liquid

A

Pinocytosis

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41
Q

Food/solid

A

Phagocytosis

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42
Q

Vesicular transport:

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

43
Q

Sacs of material going out

A

Exocytosis

44
Q

Cilia, flagella

A

Nonmembranous

45
Q

ER, Golgi body, mitochondria, lysosomes

A

Membranous

46
Q

Long solid protein strands

A

Microfilaments

47
Q

Microfilaments

A

1) anchor
2) controls cytoplasm consistency
3) movement

48
Q

Long hollow protein strands

A

Microtubules

49
Q

Microtubules

A

1) structure
2) changes shape
3) moves organelles
4) creates spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella

50
Q

Small extensions that increase surface area

A

Microvilli

51
Q

Pull chromosomes durning mitosis

A

Centrioles

52
Q

Short hair like extensions used for movement (numerous)

A

Cilia

53
Q

Long, whip like tails for movement (1-2)

A

Flagella

54
Q

Makes proteins (60% RNA, 40% protein)

A

Ribosomes

55
Q

Series of passageways

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

ER Functions

A

Transport
Storage
Synthesis
Detoxification

57
Q

Has ribosomes, covered in ribosomes (carries proteins)

A

Rough ER

58
Q

No ribosomes (carries oxygen, food, waste)

A

Smooth ER

59
Q

Digests food and kills off damaged cells (autolysis)

A

Lysosomes

60
Q

Packaging centers for waste, hormones, and fats used to repair cell membranes

A

Golgi bodies

61
Q

Digests fats and neutralizes toxins

A

Peroxisomes

62
Q 
Creates energy (ATP) 
Carries out cellular respiration
A

Mitochondria

63
Q

Equation:

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP

64
Q

Control center of the cells

A

Nucleus

65
Q

Bilipid layer with pores

A

Nuclear membrane

66
Q

Makes ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

67
Q

Fluid inside the nuclear membrane

A

Nucleoplasm

68
Q

Short fat strands of DNA (cell division)

A

Chromosomes

69
Q

Long thin strands of DNA (cells grow)

A

Chromatin

70
Q
  • Controls genetic make up
  • adenine-thymine
  • guanine-cytosine
  • double helix
  • deoxyribose sugar
A

DNA

71
Q
  • Protein production
  • adenine- uracil
  • guanine-cytosine
  • single strand
  • ribose sugar
A

RNA

72
Q

Area that stores food

-sac that contains sugar

A

Food vacuole

73
Q

Chain of amino acids

A

Proteins

74
Q

What causes transcription?

A

mRNA

75
Q

Basic building block of proteins

A

Amino acids

76
Q

DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

77
Q

mRNA to tRNA

A

Translation

78
Q

Groups of 3

A

Codons

79
Q
  • Creates somatic cells with 46 chromosomes
  • goes through one round of division
  • 46–>92–>2 cells of 46
A

Meiosis

80
Q
  • Creates sex cells with only 23 chromosomes
  • Goes through a second round of division
  • -46–>92–>2 cells of 46–>4 cells of 23
A

Mitosis

81
Q

Process of doubling the number of chromosomes in a cell

46-> 2 identical cells of 46

A

DNA replication

82
Q

Copies of each other

A

Chromatids

83
Q

Holds the copies together

A

Centromeres

84
Q

Interphase

A
  • G0- normal function
  • G1- growth
  • S-growth and DNA synthesis
  • G2growth and final preparation for division
85
Q

Cytoplasm divides into 2 identical cells

A

Cytokinesis

86
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin gets short and fat and are called chromosomes
  • centrioles move to the poles
  • spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at centromere
  • nuclear membrane disappears
87
Q

Metaphase

A

92 chromosomes line up at the equator

88
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres divide

- chromosomes pull towards the poles evenly

89
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes are at the poles
  • chromosomes turn into chromatin (long and thin)
  • nuclear membrane reappears
  • cytokinesis occurs by the process called “cleaving”
90
Q

Mitotic rate:
Skin-
Muscle and nerve-

A

Fast

Very slow

91
Q

Unspecialized cells that form new cells by division

A

Stem cells

92
Q

Can turn into anything if exposed to the right chemicals

A

Embryonic

93
Q

Creates new cells, but only for a specific type

A

Adult

94
Q

Uncontrolled increase of cells, higher rates of cell division, more produced than die off

A

Cancer

95
Q

Swelling due to the cell growth

A

Tumor

96
Q

Non threatening, remains in tissue

A

Benign

97
Q

Dangerous, move to other tissues

A

Malignant

98
Q

Growth of cancerous cells from a tissue into a new area

A

Metastasis

99
Q

Genes that encourage cancer and growth of cells

A

Oncogenes

100
Q

What are the 6 types of membrane proteins?

A 
Anchoring 
Recognition
Enzymes
Receptor
Carrier
Channel
101
Q

If interstitial fluid has a high concentration of water in it what would it be called and what will cells in it do?

A

Osmosis would take place and they would move to lower concentrations

102
Q

How are DNA and RNA different?

A

DNA-controls gentic make up

  • adenine-thymine
  • guanine-cytosine
  • double helix
  • deoxyribose

RNA-protein production

  • adenine-uracil
  • guanine-cytosine
  • single strand
  • ribose sugar
103
Q

Describe what is happening if a blood cell is carrying out Phagocytosis endocytosis.

A

Sacs of food or solids going in

104
Q

Process of DNA replication

A
  • Process of doubling the number of chromosomes in a cell
  • chromatids-copies of each other
  • centromeres-holds the copies together

Anat/Phys (19 decks)

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