Chapter 3-Cells Flashcards
Cell theory
- ) cells make up living things
- ) cells only come from other cells
- ) cells carry out life functions
- ) homeostasis occurs in cells
- ) tissue, organ, system homeostasis occurs because of cell activity
Basic unit of life
Cells
Who created the cell theory?
Rudolph Virchow
Study of cells
Cytology
Sperm and egg
Sex cells
All other cells (bone, muscle, nerve)
Somatic cells
Salt water fluid found outside the cell membrane
Extra cellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Name for both the fluid and the organelles location Inside the cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Fluid only
Cytosol
Cell parts
Organelles
Functions of the cell membrane:
- ) separates one cell from another
- ) regulations-determines what goes in & out of the cell
- ) sensitivity
- ) gives support
What is the Cell membrane is made of?
Phospholipid bilayer-42%
Proteins-55%
Carbs-3%
Protein type that stabilizes the cell
Anchoring
Protein type that contains the immune system-identifies foreign substances
Recognition
Protein type that breaks down stuff
Enzymes
Protein type that is sensitive to certain Materials
Receptors
Protein type that used energy to move materials into the cell
Carrier
Protein type that don’t need energy (ATP) to move material through
Channel
Always open (allow material)
Channel leak
Be open or closed as needed
Channel gated
Carbohydrates functions
- ) lubricates for protection
- ) anchor
- ) binding sight for materials
- ) recognition with immune system
Determines what goes in and what comes out
Selectively permeable
No ATP required
Passive transport
ATP is used
Active transport
Process of making equal concentrations
Equilibrium
Movement of solids or gases from high to low concentrations (passive transport)
Diffusion
Factors that affect rate of diffusion
- ) distance
- ) gradient size
- ) molecule size
- ) temperature
- ) electrical force
Difference between concentrations inside and outside of a cell
Concentration gradient
Movement of water from high to low concentrations (passive transport)
Osmosis
has high OP
Turgid
Low OP
Flacid
Solution types
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Low salt, high water •cell swell- hemolysis
Hypotonic
High salt, low water •cells shrink-crenation
Hypertonic
Equal salt and water •no change
Isotonic
Osmotic pressure forces certain Materials through the cell membrane (ex-kidney)
Filtration
Proteins bind to certain substances to carry them through membranes
Carrier materials
No energy needed (passive) (channel proteins)
Facilitated diffusion
Energy is used to move materials against the concentration gradient
Active transport
Sacs of material going in
Endocytosis
Water/liquid
Pinocytosis
Food/solid
Phagocytosis
Vesicular transport:
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Sacs of material going out
Exocytosis
Cilia, flagella
Nonmembranous
ER, Golgi body, mitochondria, lysosomes
Membranous
Long solid protein strands
Microfilaments
Microfilaments
1) anchor
2) controls cytoplasm consistency
3) movement
Long hollow protein strands
Microtubules
Microtubules
1) structure
2) changes shape
3) moves organelles
4) creates spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella
Small extensions that increase surface area
Microvilli
Pull chromosomes durning mitosis
Centrioles
Short hair like extensions used for movement (numerous)
Cilia
Long, whip like tails for movement (1-2)
Flagella
Makes proteins (60% RNA, 40% protein)
Ribosomes
Series of passageways
Endoplasmic reticulum
ER Functions
Transport
Storage
Synthesis
Detoxification
Has ribosomes, covered in ribosomes (carries proteins)
Rough ER
No ribosomes (carries oxygen, food, waste)
Smooth ER
Digests food and kills off damaged cells (autolysis)
Lysosomes
Packaging centers for waste, hormones, and fats used to repair cell membranes
Golgi bodies
Digests fats and neutralizes toxins
Peroxisomes
Creates energy (ATP) Carries out cellular respiration
Mitochondria
Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP
Control center of the cells
Nucleus
Bilipid layer with pores
Nuclear membrane
Makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
Fluid inside the nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Short fat strands of DNA (cell division)
Chromosomes
Long thin strands of DNA (cells grow)
Chromatin
- Controls genetic make up
- adenine-thymine
- guanine-cytosine
- double helix
- deoxyribose sugar
DNA
- Protein production
- adenine- uracil
- guanine-cytosine
- single strand
- ribose sugar
RNA
Area that stores food
-sac that contains sugar
Food vacuole
Chain of amino acids
Proteins
What causes transcription?
mRNA
Basic building block of proteins
Amino acids
DNA to mRNA
Transcription
mRNA to tRNA
Translation
Groups of 3
Codons
- Creates somatic cells with 46 chromosomes
- goes through one round of division
- 46–>92–>2 cells of 46
Meiosis
- Creates sex cells with only 23 chromosomes
- Goes through a second round of division
- -46–>92–>2 cells of 46–>4 cells of 23
Mitosis
Process of doubling the number of chromosomes in a cell
46-> 2 identical cells of 46
DNA replication
Copies of each other
Chromatids
Holds the copies together
Centromeres
Interphase
- G0- normal function
- G1- growth
- S-growth and DNA synthesis
- G2growth and final preparation for division
Cytoplasm divides into 2 identical cells
Cytokinesis
Prophase
- Chromatin gets short and fat and are called chromosomes
- centrioles move to the poles
- spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at centromere
- nuclear membrane disappears
Metaphase
92 chromosomes line up at the equator
Anaphase
- Centromeres divide
- chromosomes pull towards the poles evenly
Telophase
- chromosomes are at the poles
- chromosomes turn into chromatin (long and thin)
- nuclear membrane reappears
- cytokinesis occurs by the process called “cleaving”
Mitotic rate:
Skin-
Muscle and nerve-
Fast
Very slow
Unspecialized cells that form new cells by division
Stem cells
Can turn into anything if exposed to the right chemicals
Embryonic
Creates new cells, but only for a specific type
Adult
Uncontrolled increase of cells, higher rates of cell division, more produced than die off
Cancer
Swelling due to the cell growth
Tumor
Non threatening, remains in tissue
Benign
Dangerous, move to other tissues
Malignant
Growth of cancerous cells from a tissue into a new area
Metastasis
Genes that encourage cancer and growth of cells
Oncogenes
What are the 6 types of membrane proteins?
Anchoring Recognition Enzymes Receptor Carrier Channel
If interstitial fluid has a high concentration of water in it what would it be called and what will cells in it do?
Osmosis would take place and they would move to lower concentrations
How are DNA and RNA different?
DNA-controls gentic make up
- adenine-thymine
- guanine-cytosine
- double helix
- deoxyribose
RNA-protein production
- adenine-uracil
- guanine-cytosine
- single strand
- ribose sugar
Describe what is happening if a blood cell is carrying out Phagocytosis endocytosis.
Sacs of food or solids going in
Process of DNA replication
- Process of doubling the number of chromosomes in a cell
- chromatids-copies of each other
- centromeres-holds the copies together
